Economy
Erdoğan urges greater intra-Islamic trade, finance cooperation
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on Friday highlighted the Muslim world’s underperformance and untapped economic potential, urging for greater intra-Islamic cooperation in trade, finance and investment.
Addressing delegates at the 2nd Global Islamic Economy Summit in Istanbul, Erdoğan emphasized the disparity between the Muslim world’s demographic weight and its economic clout.
“Muslims account for 25% of the world’s population, yet Islamic finance assets total only about $2.5 trillion,” he told the event organized by the AlBaraka Forum for Islamic Economy at the Istanbul Financial Center (IFC).
“The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which is the largest international organization after the United Nations, consists of 57 member countries. However, their share in global trade is only around 11%,” Erdoğan said.
“In terms of population, we represent 25% of the world, yet our contribution to the global economy is approximately 9%.”
These figures, according to Erdoğan, reflect underperformance compared to the potential of the Islamic world. “As the Islamic world, we must maximize our trade, investment, financial cooperation and collaboration opportunities,” he added.
Erdoğan went on to reiterate his opposition to interest-based systems, while saying Ankara was determined to press on with its current economic program until all of its goals are achieved.
Under the program, launched in mid-2023, the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT) had tightened its benchmark policy to contain inflation, which dipped to below 38% in April, from as high as 75% last May.
‘Longing ‘ for interest-free economy
Erdoğan said work must be done to change and find alternatives to what he called an interest rates-based economic system, and added such a system cannot be viewed as legitimate.
“I have always opposed the distorted system that deepens inequalities, disrupts income justice, and turns billions of people into the slaves of a handful of capitalists. I oppose it again. I have often said that, no matter what, we cannot view as legitimate interest rates and an economic system based on interest rates,” Erdoğan said.
“I will continue to voice my longing for an interest rate-free economy from now on too. We will not turn back from our battle for the economic order based on interest rates to change,” he added.
The president also vowed to continue implementing the economic agenda drafted by his treasury and finance minister, Mehmet Şimşek, in order to chart a path of disinflation.
“We are determined to implement our economic program, with which we have made noteworthy progress over the past two years, until it reaches its goals,” Erdoğan said, and added that the end goal was to achieve single-digit inflation.
Current system ‘cannot be sustained’
The president went on to say it is increasingly evident that there is a growing need for alternative paradigms across all sectors. In economics, particularly in finance, there is a rising demand for a human-centered, fair, compassionate and responsible approach, he noted.
“One undeniable truth has become clear to everyone: the current global economic system, with its flawed structure that prioritizes consumption and profit maximization, continues to sideline human values, exacerbate inequalities and promote growth without productivity,” said Erdoğan.
Instead of developing effective solutions to support economic development, he argued that the existing system conceals fundamental issues with superficial measures.
“Many experts and thinkers who have correctly analyzed the current situation assert that the system, in its current form, cannot be sustained any longer.”
Erdoğan underscored Türkiye’s ambitions to position Istanbul as a global Islamic finance hub, pointing to initiatives under the Istanbul Financial Center framework as evidence of the country’s commitment.
“The collaborations we have initiated under the Istanbul Financial Center serve as a concrete testament to our efforts to integrate into the global economy while preserving our Islamic values,” he said.
The president stressed that Türkiye attaches great importance to the development of participation finance centered in Istanbul.
“Its unique location, accumulated expertise and potential provide substantial advantages to both Istanbul and the Istanbul Financial Center. With the dedicated efforts of our institutions and authorities, I hope we can transform these advantages into lasting achievements,” he added.
Islamic finance law
Also addressing the summit, Şimşek said Türkiye is actively working on a new Islamic finance law, aiming to pass it through Parliament as part of broader efforts to strengthen the country’s participation-based financial system.
Şimşek underlined the increasing importance of Islamic finance in tackling global economic challenges. He noted the sector’s potential to offer a fairer, risk-sharing and asset-backed financial model, especially in today’s uncertain global landscape.
“We are currently finalizing the Islamic finance law and preparing to introduce it to Parliament,” he said. “We are carefully reviewing the draft to avoid including provisions that may cause implementation issues or hinder sectoral acceptance.”
Şimşek emphasized that Islamic finance, with its focus on sustainability, real-economy backing and inclusive access, presents a credible alternative for promoting shared prosperity.
“The Islamic finance model stands out today because it emphasizes equitable participation, financial inclusion and sustainable growth,” he said.
Şimşek pointed out that Islamic finance currently represents just over 1% of global financial assets but has witnessed rapid growth in both market value and presence.
However, he noted that much of this growth remains geographically concentrated, and that challenges such as regulatory gaps, talent shortages and a lack of global innovation investment persist.
“The key players in this field are not investing in this innovation on a global scale. At the same time, there is a lack of talent and significant gaps in the regulatory framework,” said the minister.
“Important progress has been made in recent years, but we are still facing major structural challenges that need to be overcome. Only if we can clearly identify the factors causing us to lag behind will we be able to develop effective solutions,” he added.
Islamic finance in Türkiye
Türkiye currently has nine participation banks, with Islamic finance holding an 8.3% share of the national banking system.
Şimşek said this figure remains far below its true potential.
“Participation finance in Türkiye has reached a significant share within the banking sector. The markets, particularly in terms of participation-based financing instruments, are showing development,” he said.
“However, currently, participation banks account for only 8.3% of the Turkish banking system, which is far below its potential and clearly indicates the need for broader-scale growth.”
He stressed the government is mobilizing all its resources to ensure the healthy growth of the sector, citing Türkiye’s recent ranking in the top 10 of the Global Islamic Finance Development Index among 136 countries.
He also emphasized that the Treasury continues to emphasize sukuk issuances both locally and internationally.
Şimşek went on to emphasize that prosperity should be shared fairly, and said they see Islamic finance as playing a crucial role in this process.
“Although it currently holds a relatively small share in the global financial system, summits and international conferences in this field significantly accelerate its development,” he said.
“The rapid growth of Islamic finance in recent years is remarkable. Previously almost invisible, it now represents approximately 1% of global financial assets. We should see this as a springboard,” he added.
“By recognizing existing issues at both local and global levels, taking the right steps, improving efficiency and fostering strong collaborations, we can increase this share to 2% or even 5% in a much shorter time frame.”
The Global Islamic Economy Summit focuses on empowering Islamic financial and non-financial institutions to help achieve their goals of sustainable growth and leave an impact on the global economy via new strategies.
The two-day event has been organized in collaboration with Türkiye’s Investment and Finance Office, the Istanbul Financial Center (IFC), Albaraka Türk, Ibn Haldun University and the Islamic Cooperation Youth Forum (ICYF).
The summit is focused on increasing operational efficiency, encouraging innovation, strengthening risk management, promoting financial participation and supporting cooperation among industry stakeholders by developing a deeper understanding of Islamic principles.
High-level discussions on the integration of Islamic economic principles are expected at the summit.
“We look to create new roads, not just to walk on new roads. We are creating in Istanbul, Medina, London, Kuala Lumpur, Karachi, Cairo and many others,” Yousef Hassan Khalawi, the secretary-general of the AlBaraka Forum for Islamic Economy, said at the opening ceremony.
As part of the Islamic ecosystem, more and more initiatives should be created, he added.
Human-centered alternative
Addressing the event, Bilal Erdoğan, chair of the board of trustees of Türkiye’s Ilim Yayma Foundation, said Islamic economics is not just an interest-free financial model but a moral, justice-based and human-centered way of life that offers an alternative paradigm for the world.
The widespread information gap surrounding Islamic finance remains a key concern remains, even in Türkiye, where it accounts for around 8% of the financial sector, said Erdoğan.
Many people, he noted, reduce Islamic finance to an interest-free tool, failing to understand its foundational values.
“It is not really only about an interest-free way of reaching finance. It is actually a potential alternative paradigm for humanity,” he said. “It is actually a potential alternative paradigm for humanity.”
He also criticized Islamic financial institutions in Türkiye for being overly cautious in their approach and lacking effective communication strategies.
“How do we frame our products? How do we try to make sure that people realize that there are these ways of doing similar things as well?” Erdoğan said, urging a stronger focus on Islamic finance’s unique features, particularly its principles of partnership and participation.
He added that millions of people around the world remain outside the banking system not due to exclusion, but because the system itself has “lost its humanity.” Islamic finance, he said, should aim to integrate these individuals by “uplifting them with the dignity that it offers.”
Addressing the humanitarian crisis in Palestine, he added: “I am hoping for once this genocide will come to an end.”
Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi on Saturday urged African countries to prioritize peaceful solutions to conflicts, strengthen state institutions and respect national sovereignty, saying stability is essential for economic development.
“Economic development cannot be built in unstable countries, and stability is not a luxury but a fundamental pillar sought by investors, manufacturers and farmers so they can operate in a safe environment,” Sisi said in his opening speech at the Alamein Africa Forum, which began Friday in New Alamein on Egypt’s northern coast.
“Across our African continent, we fully understand that security begins with supporting the national state and its institutions, respecting its unity and sovereignty, prioritizing peaceful solutions to conflicts and crises, and upholding the principle of good neighborliness,” he added.
The three-day forum has brought together about 1,500 government officials, business leaders, investors and representatives of financial institutions from across Africa, with discussions focused on economic development, investment and greater continental integration.
Sisi said Africa’s private sector is the main driver of the continent’s economies, contributing more than 70% of its gross domestic product.
About 85% of transactions by Africa’s private sector are conducted with companies from outside the continent, Sisi added.
Despite trade agreements and preferential arrangements among African countries, intra-African trade has accounted for only about 18% of the continent’s total trade in recent years, Sisi said.
On international developments, Sisi said Africa aspires to “a world characterized by peace and stability, rather than being made to bear the consequences of global crises in which it was not a party but whose negative repercussions it suffers.”
He cited the current energy crisis as an example, pointing to the impact of rising fuel and fertilizer prices and disruptions to supply and shipping chains on African countries.
Last February, the African Union summit in Addis Ababa approved plans to hold the Alamein Africa Forum every two years in New Alamein.
Egypt is organizing the forum in cooperation with the African Export-Import Bank and the African Union Development Agency.
Teknofest Southeast continues in Şanlıurfa with aviation displays, defense technologies, educational activities and cultural events, as thousands of visitors explore the festival grounds at Şanlıurfa GAP Airport.
The five-day festival, organized with the participation of the Ministry of Industry and Technology, the T3 Foundation and the Turkish Aerospace and Technology Company, is bringing together technology enthusiasts, students, researchers and families through Oct. 4.
The event features technology competitions in 14 categories, exhibitions, scientific workshops, simulation experiences and air shows, while visitors can also explore a wide range of Turkish aviation and defense platforms.
As Teknofest prepares to enter its third day, its program continues to combine large-scale aviation demonstrations with hands-on educational activities and cultural experiences reflecting the identity of Şanlıurfa.
Defense platforms take center stage
Defense and aviation remain among the main attractions at the festival, with visitors able to see a wide range of aircraft, unmanned systems and other military platforms at close range.
For the first time at the festival, a full-scale mock-up of Türkiye’s Kaan fighter jet is on display, giving visitors a closer look at the country’s fifth-generation stealth combat aircraft project.
The Kaan display is part of a large exhibition featuring Atak helicopters, Hürkuş, Cezeri, Anka, Bayraktar TB2, Bayraktar TB3 and Bayraktar Akıncı, along with Turkish land and maritime vehicles.
Bayraktar Akıncı also took part in the flight demonstrations, with images captured by the unmanned combat aircraft transmitted to large screens for visitors on the ground.
The Turkish Stars, the Turkish Air Force’s aerobatic team, performed over the festival on opening day, drawing the attention of thousands of visitors who watched the aircraft soar across the sky.
The aviation program is complemented by paramotor and hang glider demonstrations, giving visitors the opportunity to watch different forms of flight alongside military aircraft.
Technology presented beyond airfield
While aircraft and air shows provide some of the festival’s most visible moments, Teknofest is also designed around education and direct interaction with technology.
Visitors can explore advanced technology simulations, scientific workshops, exhibitions, a planetarium, science shows and the Teknofest Time Tunnel. The festival also includes displays of national air, land and maritime vehicles, as well as special first flight activities for students.
On the opening day, students visited an area operated by traffic gendarmerie teams, where they received information about traffic safety equipment including road traps, radar devices and alcohol meters. They also experienced a seat belt simulation vehicle.
Agriculture and environmental education are also part of the program. Students attending activities organized at the food, agriculture and livestock technology area were introduced to beekeeping and were allowed to observe live bees while learning about bee species and beekeeping.
The festival also features activities focused on accessibility. The Türkiye Beyazay Association is presenting projects related to technologies and methods intended to make education, employment and participation in social life more accessible to people with disabilities.
For many young visitors, the experience is closely connected to their future ambitions.
Şanlıurfa’s heritage meets modern technology
The festival is also presenting Şanlıurfa’s cultural identity alongside advanced technology.
At a stand organized by Haliliye Municipality, a traditional “sıra gecesi” music group performed locally adapted songs while preparing “çiğ köfte” (steak tartar a la turca) for visitors. A four-legged robotic dog was also presented at the stand, creating a visual meeting point between one of Şanlıurfa’s best-known culinary traditions and modern robotics.
The combination of tradition and technology is seen throughout the festival area, where visitors can move between local music, food and traditional clothing and exhibitions featuring aircraft, unmanned systems and robotic technologies.
Teknofest Southeast will continue through Oct. 4 at Şanlıurfa GAP Airport with technology competitions, air shows, exhibitions, workshops, simulation experiences, stage events and celebrations of Şanlıurfa’s cultural heritage.
Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney is planning a visit to Türkiye this month for talks with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in what would be the first dedicated bilateral trip to the country by a Canadian leader, Reuters reported Friday, citing four sources familiar with the plans.
One source said Carney and Erdoğan could discuss free-trade talks launched on the sidelines of a NATO summit in Ankara in July, as well as potential cooperation in energy and defense. Canadian and Turkish trade ministers agreed this week to accelerate the talks ahead of the leaders’ meeting, two sources said.
The visit would mark Carney’s latest effort to diversify Canada’s economic ties as he seeks to reduce the country’s reliance on the United States, by far its largest trading partner, following the collapse of trade talks in August.
Carney has vowed to double Canada’s non-U.S. trade over the next decade and has moved to strengthen ties with a range of countries, including China and India.
Türkiye, whose largest trading partner is the European Union, is also seeking new partnerships and investment in energy, infrastructure and mining, while expanding opportunities for its growing defense industry.
The sources did not provide dates or a detailed agenda for the visit, which is planned for later this month.
Carney’s office and Erdoğan’s office did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
No Canadian prime minister is known to have made a standalone bilateral visit to Türkiye in recent decades, though Canadian leaders have met Erdoğan and other Turkish officials on the sidelines of multilateral gatherings, including NATO and G20 summits hosted by Türkiye.
At the NATO leaders’ summit in July, Carney and Erdoğan formally launched negotiations for a free-trade agreement.
That month, Türkiye agreed to join Canada’s Defence Security and Resilience Bank as one of 10 founding member nations of Carney’s multilateral “middle powers” bank.
The two countries’ trade ministers met in June and discussed expanding cooperation on renewable and nuclear energy, according to a Canadian government statement, which also listed aerospace, defense and security as areas for potential new partnerships.
Türkiye has held talks with Canadian engineering firm AtkinsRealis, South Korea’s Korea Electric Power Corporation and China’s State Power Investment Corporation over potentially building its second and third nuclear power plants. Russia’s Rosatom is building the country’s first.
An executive at AtkinsRealis, which holds the exclusive license for Canadian-designed CANDU reactors, told Reuters this year that the company expects Türkiye to complete an initial review of its CANDU reactors following an information exchange, potentially paving the way for formal talks on a plant bid.
In a step that helped improve bilateral ties in 2024, Canada lifted weapons-export restrictions on Türkiye, including controls on optical technology used in drones that Türkiye exports to dozens of countries.
Bilateral trade, however, remains relatively small.
Türkiye accounted for less than 0.3% of Canada’s total merchandise trade in 2025, at C$4.34 billion ($3.05 billion), compared with C$1 trillion in trade with the U.S., according to Statistics Canada data.
Canada mainly exports lentils, aircraft and electronics to Türkiye, while importing medical devices, fishing vessels, aircraft engines and jewelry.
S&P Global Ratings does not expect the ongoing investigation and liquidation of over 100 investment funds in Türkiye to put downward pressure on the country’s sovereign credit rating, according to its analysts.
S&P is due to publish its second credit rating and outlook review for Türkiye this year on Oct. 16. In its latest assessment in April, the agency affirmed Türkiye’s rating at BB-/B and maintained its outlook as stable.
Turkish authorities have stepped in to resolve the fund turmoil that erupted last month after suspected price manipulation in a number of thinly traded stocks triggered heavy losses and redemption pressures at investment funds.
Almost half a million investors hold stakes in more than 100 investment funds with combined assets of nearly $20 billion that authorities ordered to be liquidated in mid-September.
Karen Vartapetov, S&P Global Ratings’ director and lead analyst for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), said the regulatory measures and policy response to the fund investigation had been “quick and convincing,” adding that authorities had managed to contain the issue without a broader negative impact on the financial system.
“There is not much evidence that this process has negatively affected confidence and perceptions of the Turkish economy,” Vartapetov told Anadolu Agency (AA), according to a Turkish transcript of his remarks.
From a macroeconomic perspective, there has so far been limited impact, with the issue appearing to remain largely isolated, he said.
S&P had not observed significant reactions in areas it monitors, including the exchange rate, dollarization, financial conditions and banking-sector liquidity, according to Vartapetov.
If the fund-related developments remain isolated, they would not create downward pressure on the sovereign rating, he said.
“I think the negative effects will be limited if the fund crisis remains isolated and households continue to have confidence in real-currency assets,” Vartapetov said.
He stressed that sovereign ratings are determined by a committee and that the developments involving the funds would inevitably be discussed as part of that process.
S&P would likely highlight the episode as a risk, Vartapetov said, but added that there was not yet clear evidence of significant macroeconomic consequences.
If the issue remains confined to “a narrow asset class,” it would not be a “game changer” for investor sentiment, he said.
Reserve recovery supports rating
Vartapetov also discussed S&P’s outlook for Türkiye’s growth, inflation and international reserves.
The agency expects average inflation of around 30% this year and economic growth of close to 3%, he said. Inflation lastly eased to 31.51% in August.
Reserve adequacy remains one of the most important parameters for Türkiye’s credit rating, Vartapetov said.
Türkiye entered the year with reserves at a very high level, including record gross reserves. The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT) used some reserves to contain the negative impact of higher energy prices, but later replenished part of the amount, he said.
“Gross reserves are therefore somewhat below January-February levels, but the recovery in reserves is supportive of the credit rating,” Vartapetov said.
Net reserves are not as strong as gross reserves but have also recovered, he added.
Vartapetov said household behavior had been another key focus for S&P in assessing Türkiye’s credit profile in recent years.
The agency has been monitoring whether households continue to prefer the Turkish lira, lira-denominated assets and bank deposits or shift toward the dollar, which could put pressure on foreign-exchange reserves.
Despite geopolitical developments in the Middle East, high energy prices and the fund investigation, households’ stance toward the lira has remained relatively strong, Vartapetov said.
“We have not seen much evidence of dollarization picking up again. Financial-system dollarization has not increased,” he said.
Policy response seen as ‘quite strong’
Regina Argenio, director of financial institutions ratings in the region at S&P Global, said the biggest immediate impact of the fund developments had been felt in the stock market, where equity valuations declined.
“Beyond the initial correction, however, we have seen valuations stabilize,” she said. Data arrive with some delay and may not yet provide the full picture, but there had also been no major movement in bank liquidity, she added.
Argenio said it was important that the problems remained isolated to the funds concerned and described the policy response so far as “quite strong.”
Beyond judicial proceedings, authorities had provided liquidity to the market and appointed banks to handle the liquidation of the funds, she added.
Türkiye’s newly established board tasked with overseeing the rapid liquidation of investment funds caught in the recent turmoil said Friday that work had been carried out on draft amendments to the Capital Markets Law and that the relevant institutions had been instructed to finalize the proposed changes.
The statement followed a meeting of the Fund Coordination Board set up last week and chaired by Vice President Cevdet Yılmaz. The State Supervisory Council (DDK) has also been assigned to examine the issue.
The fund turmoil erupted last month after suspected price manipulation in a number of thinly traded stocks triggered heavy losses and redemption pressures at investment funds.
Almost half a million investors hold stakes in more than 100 investment funds with combined assets of $20 billion that authorities ordered to be liquidated in mid-September.
The board reviewed on Friday the results of measures already taken and discussed new steps, according to the statement by the Directorate of Communications.
It reviewed secondary regulations and a timetable for payments linked to decisions taken by the Capital Markets Board on Wednesday.
The SPK said it would begin making interim payments to investors in the funds that were ordered to shut down.
Investors in asset managers Tera Portföy, Pusula Portföy, Atlas Portföy and Hedef Portföy will receive their full net investment amount if it is below TL 1 million ($20,404). Investors whose net investment amount is TL 1 million or above will receive TL 1 million as an interim payment.
The procedure will start with money market funds, the SPK said.
Friday’s statement said the draft amendments, on which work has been underway for some time, were also discussed. It stressed that the planned regulations should not impose any additional burden on citizens.
The directorate described the problem as arising in a “specific and limited” part of the fund market. It said work to resolve it would continue quickly and effectively, in line with capital markets rules and guided by fairness and equity.
The problems emerged in early September, when the SPK changed its guidelines for investment funds. Funds could no longer put all their assets into a single stock and were required to diversify.
The move sought to address concerns that many funds were heavily invested in a small number of obscure or hard-to-sell stocks.
To comply, some funds began selling holdings, which spooked investors and set off a rush to cash out. Several fund management companies then admitted they could not meet redemption demands.
On Sept. 16, authorities ordered 131 funds managed by seven companies into liquidation.
Top officials, including Treasury and Finance Minister Mehmet Şimşek, have sought to reassure markets, saying the turmoil does not threaten the wider financial system and describing the problem as limited.
Şimşek told investors on Thursday that authorities had moved quickly to contain problems and prevent them from developing into a systemic crisis, adding that further regulatory measures would be needed.
Speaking separately on Thursday, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said developments in the fund market would not pose a threat to the economy. He said authorities would not allow the issue to become a threat to Türkiye’s economic security or social stability.
Prosecutors are also investigating. The SPK said some funds had caused price movements that could not be explained by company fundamentals, and it filed criminal complaints over alleged manipulative transactions.
Authorities have imposed travel bans and asset freezes, while arresting 65 people, including top financial executives, as of Friday.
The share of individuals in Türkiye using generative artificial intelligence nearly doubled in a year, rising to 37.6% in 2026 from 19.2% in 2025, data released by the national statistics authority showed Friday.
The share of businesses using AI also increased, reaching 14%, the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) said, while a lack of expertise emerged as the biggest obstacle for companies considering adopting the technology.
In 2026, the share of women using AI stood at 38.1%, compared with 37.2% among men, the data showed. The highest adoption rate was recorded among people aged 16-24, at 64.9%. This was followed by those aged 25-34 at 55.7% and the 35-44 age group at 38.1%.
AI use also increased with educational attainment.
Among university graduates, the adoption rate reached 62.7%, compared with 45.4% among high school or vocational high school graduates, 35.5% among those with primary or lower-secondary education and 8.5% among primary school graduates.
Among individuals using AI, 86.4% said they used the technology for personal purposes. Professional use stood at 37.3%, while 32.6% reported using AI for formal education.
Professional use was higher among men, at 43.2%, compared with 31.2% among women. For education, the corresponding rates were 36.1% for women and 29.1% for men.
Business adoption booms
The share of enterprises using AI technologies has also risen sharply, from 2.7% in 2021 to 14% in 2026.
Adoption was highest among businesses with 250 or more employees, at 37.1%. The rate stood at 17% among enterprises with 50-249 employees and 12.8% among those employing 10-49 people.
By economic activity, the highest rate of AI use was recorded in telecommunications, programming and information technology activities, at 63.7%.
Publishing, broadcasting and content activities followed at 57.1%, while computer and communication equipment repair activities recorded an adoption rate of 32.4%.
Among enterprises using AI, 51% said they used the technology for marketing or sales activities.
AI use for research and development and innovation stood at 46.3%, while 43.4% used it in production or service processes.
Some 67.8% of AI-using enterprises relied on open-source AI software, while 49.1% used closed-source software.
The share of enterprises that had AI systems developed by external providers stood at 46.5%, compared with 32.1% that developed them using their own employees.
1 in 6 firms processes personal data
Some 16.6% of enterprises using AI said they processed personal data about individuals through the technology.
Such data included gender, age, occupation, educational status, address information, purchase records and facial images.
Meanwhile, 8.3% of enterprises that did not currently use AI said they were considering adopting it.
Among enterprises considering AI adoption but not yet using the technology, the biggest obstacle was a lack of relevant expertise, cited by 72.3%.
This was followed by legal uncertainty over who would be responsible for potential harm arising from AI use, at 66.4%, and concerns over data protection and privacy, at 65.4%.
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