Economy
Diversified supply, infrastructure shield Türkiye from energy shocks
Diversified supply routes and infrastructure assets have helped Türkiye maintain energy stability despite disruptions around the Strait of Hormuz, while also reinforcing its position as a key link between producers and European markets.
The key transit route for roughly a fifth of the world’s oil and liquefied natural gas supply, the Strait of Hormuz was effectively shut after the U.S. and Israel launched strikes on Iran in late February, causing what is described as the biggest energy crisis ever, which sent global prices higher.
Data compiled from the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) indicates that Türkiye’s supply structure remained broadly stable in the first quarter of the year.
Natural gas imports reached 19.2 billion cubic meters (bcm) in the January-March period, while crude oil and petroleum product imports totaled 3.32 million tons.
The U.S., Russia and Azerbaijan remained the leading suppliers of gas. In January, the U.S. accounted for approximately 35.7% of imports, followed closely by Russia at 35% and Azerbaijan at 13.4%. In February, the U.S. retained the top position, while Russia regained the lead in March.
On the oil side, Russia continued to dominate imports across the quarter, while Iraq, Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia also held significant shares. Russia supplied roughly half of Türkiye’s crude imports in both January and March.
Despite global volatility, Türkiye did not experience major disruptions in its energy supply, benefiting from its diversified portfolio and extensive pipeline infrastructure, which also positions the country as a transit hub for regional energy flows.
A key component of this system is the southern Ceyhan Terminal, which serves as a major export gateway for crude oil from Iraq and Azerbaijan to global markets.
Crude oil is transported to Türkiye primarily through pipelines rather than maritime imports alone, including the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline and the Iraq-Türkiye Crude Oil Pipeline. These routes reduce reliance on maritime chokepoints and provide alternative corridors for regional producers.
According to data from the state oil and natural gas pipeline operator BOTAŞ, nearly 30.9 million barrels of oil were transported through the BTC pipeline in the first two months of the year.
The pipeline stands out as a critical route that delivers Caspian oil to global markets through a path outside of Russia and Iran.
The Iraq-Türkiye pipeline, which runs from Kirkuk to Ceyhan, resumed operations in March. With a daily capacity of around 1.5 million barrels, initial flows were expected to rise from 170,000 barrels per day toward 250,000 barrels.
On the gas side, Türkiye continues to act as a key energy corridor between producer countries and Europe, importing gas from Russia, Azerbaijan and Iran through long-term pipeline agreements.
Russia supplies gas via the Blue Stream pipeline, while the TurkStream system, with a total capacity of 31.5 billion cubic meters, delivers gas both for domestic consumption and European exports.
Azerbaijan’s gas flows through the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum pipeline and the Southern Gas Corridor, which includes TANAP and TAP, linking Caspian production directly to European markets. TANAP carries about 16 billion cubic meters annually, while TAP has an initial capacity of 10 billion cubic meters, expandable to 20 billion.
Türkiye has also strengthened regional interconnections through the Iğdır-Nakhchivan pipeline, which supplies gas to Azerbaijan’s exclave, reducing its dependence on Iranian deliveries. It boasts a capacity to carry 2 million cubic meters a day.
Meanwhile, Iranian gas continues to flow to Türkiye under long-term agreements via the Iran-Türkiye pipeline, which has a technical capacity of around 14 billion cubic meters per year.
China’s foreign minister said Friday that Canada could surpass its goal of increasing exports to China by 50% by 2030, signaling potential for deeper trade ties during talks with Canadian Foreign Minister Anita Anand.
Wang said he thought Canada’s exports to China could increase by 100%, building on the momentum between the countries.
“Canada is focused on growing our economy and diversifying our trading relationships,” Anand said during the meeting. “The Canada-China economic relationship is significant,” she said.
Wang is on a three-day visit to Canada, the first visit by a Chinese foreign minister in a decade and the latest step to improve ties. On Friday afternoon, he shook hands with Prime Minister Mark Carney ahead of a private meeting. Canada and China struck an initial trade deal in January to slash tariffs on electric vehicles and canola, when Carney became the first Canadian prime minister to visit China since 2017. China is Canada’s second-largest trading partner, and Carney has sought to reduce his country’s overwhelming reliance on the United States after U.S. President Donald Trump imposed tariffs on Canada, a longtime ally. Amid an ongoing trade war with the U.S., Carney has vowed to double Canadian exports to other markets in the next decade and signed more than 20 economic and security deals in the last year.
On Thursday, Carney delivered a speech in New York calling for a “new partnership” with the U.S., saying that a stronger Canada would “help make America great again.”
The Chinese foreign minister’s Ottawa visit comes after the Canadian warship HMCS Charlottetown completed a routine transit through the Taiwan Strait on May 23. China said on Friday it firmly opposes any attempt by any country to undermine its sovereignty and security “under the pretext of freedom of navigation.”
Earlier this month, Conservative lawmaker Michael Chong travelled to Taiwan, where he met with Taiwanese President Dr. Lai Ching-te and other senior officials. Chong said in a statement his visit was intended to “show solidarity with a democracy at the front lines of intimidation from the People’s Republic of China” and to assert Canada’s sovereignty, after a warning from the Chinese ambassador to Canada regarding politicians visiting Taiwan.
The top tourism body said on Friday that Turkish applicants were being effectively “shut out” of the Schengen visa application system, citing persistent appointment shortages and alleged technical manipulation of booking platforms.
The remarks by the Turkish Travel Agencies Association (TÜRSAB) came after data showed Türkiye was the second-largest source of Schengen visa applications worldwide in 2025.
According to statistics published by the European Commission, applications to Schengen Area countries reached 11.93 million last year, an increase of 1.8% from 2024.
Türkiye accounted for nearly 1.27 million applications, ranking second after China. The figure compared to 1.17 million in 2024 and just over 1 million in 2023.
The rejection rate for Turkish applicants stood at 14.6% last year, up 0.1 percentage points from 2024.
The TÜRSAB said in a statement that the data confirms a structural access problem rather than a lack of demand.
Its Chair Firuz Bağlıkaya said Turkish citizens are often unable to even enter the application process because of limited appointment availability.
He argued that the system itself has become a barrier.
For years, Turkish citizens and businesses have complained about the EU’s visa system, including long appointment wait times, the issuance of very short-term visas and high rejection rates.
Bağlıkaya pointed to sharp declines in applications to key destinations such as Italy and France, which are among the most popular countries for organized tour programs.
According to EU data, applications to Italy fell by 32.3% year-over-year, while France recorded a 6% decline.
Bağlıkaya attributed the drop to reduced access to visa appointments, rather than weakening travel interest.
“Due to current practices, our citizens are shut out of the system before they even get a chance to submit a visa application,” he noted.
He further claimed that the appointment system is being exploited, alleging that limited time slots are rapidly captured by automated bot accounts and later resold at significantly higher prices.
Bağlıkaya said figures reportedly were reaching up to 1,000 euros ($1,165) per appointment in urgent cases.
“A stop must be put to this situation,” he stressed.
Türkiye’s financial markets are heading into a data-heavy June period following the nine-day Eid al-Adha holiday break, with investors closely watching growth figures, inflation readings and a key central bank interest rate decision.
The calendar includes first-quarter gross domestic product (GDP) data, monthly inflation figures and the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting of the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT).
Data on Monday will provide a snapshot of economic momentum at the start of 2026 that has been marked by the Iran war, which triggered the closure of the Strait of Hormuz, a key transit route for roughly a fifth of the world’s oil and liquefied natural gas supply.
That caused what is described as the biggest energy crisis ever, which sent global prices higher, pressuring countries that heavily rely on imports.
The Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) is scheduled to release data that is likely to show the economy expanded by about 2.7% year-over-year in the first quarter of the year, according to surveys.
The economy grew 3.6% in 2025, with fourth-quarter growth recorded at 3.4%, extending a growth streak to 22 consecutive quarters.
Inflation, trade, labor data
Inflation, due next Friday, will be one of the most closely watched indicators.
Consumer prices rose 4.18% month-over-month and 32.37% on an annual basis in April, mainly driven by pressures amid the fallout from the Iran war.
The domestic producer index rose 3.17% month-over-month in April for an annual increase of 28.59%.
The central bank has flagged rising inflation risks, saying it’s closely monitoring the fallout of the conflict and potential second-round effects.
The bank earlier this month raised its end-2026 interim inflation target to 24% from 16% and lifted its end-2027 target to 15% from 9%. It set its end-2028 interim target at 9%.
A day earlier, Trade Minister Ömer Bolat is expected to announce the May foreign trade data.
April exports rose 22.3% year-over-year to $25.4 billion despite the challenging global environment.
The figure marked the second-highest monthly export figure in Türkiye’s history.
On the same day, the TurkStat will release April labor market statistics.
The unemployment rate fell to 8.1% in March, down 0.3 percentage points from the previous month, with the number of unemployed declining by 96,000 to 2.87 million.
Industrial production data for April is scheduled for June 10, following a March decline of 0.8% month-over-month and 1.1% year-over-year.
Central bank decision in spotlight
Markets will closely watch the CBRT’s June 11 policy meeting for signals on the monetary stance.
At its previous meeting, the central bank held its benchmark one-week repo rate steady at 37%.
In its last statement, the bank said geopolitical risks and energy price volatility continued to pose uncertainty for inflation.
It said policymakers were closely monitoring these factors for their impact on economic activity and the disinflation outlook.
Fiscal, sectoral data
Other data releases include financial investment returns, budget balance figures and sectoral confidence indicators throughout the month.
On June 12, the CBRT will publish the current account balance figures.
The balance registered a $9.67 billion deficit in March. Excluding energy and gold, the shortfall stood at nearly $3.89 billion.
The Treasury and Finance Ministry will be releasing the May budget figures on June 15.
Data from April showed a deficit of TL 338.7 billion and a year-to-date shortfall of TL 758.8 billion.
Additional data releases will include construction and services output, agricultural producer prices and housing sales.
Residential property sales in April rose 2.6% year-over-year to 126,808 units, according to TurkStat.
Türkiye’s installed electricity capacity rose to 125,410 megawatts (MW) as of the end of April, according to official data, propelled by a rapid growth in variable renewable sources such as solar and wind.
The Energy and Natural Resources Ministry said renewable sources accounted for 62.5% of total installed capacity, equivalent to 78,377 megawatts. The ministry also reported that domestically sourced capacity reached 71.7% of the total electricity mix.
Solar energy has emerged as the fastest-growing segment in Türkiye’s power system, reaching 26,769 megawatts and accounting for 21.3% of total installed capacity.
Wind power increased to 15,075 megawatts, representing 12% of total capacity.
Together, wind and solar reached 41,844 megawatts, or 33.3% of Türkiye’s total installed electricity capacity, meaning roughly one-third of installed capacity now comes from the two renewable sources alone.
Renewables dominate
Hydropower remains the single largest source of installed capacity at 32,338 megawatts, or 25.8%, followed by natural gas at 25,013 megawatts (20%).
Domestic coal accounted for 11,565 megawatts (9.2%), while imported coal stood at 10,456 megawatts (8.3%).
Smaller contributors included biomass at 2,396 megawatts (1.9%) and geothermal energy at 1,798 megawatts (1.4%).
Türkiye aims to raise combined wind and solar installed capacity to 120,000 megawatts by 2035.
To support the expansion, it plans to invest around $30 billion.
Expansion plans
Energy and Natural Resources Minister Alparslan Bayraktar said Türkiye had built a 26,769-megawatt solar capacity from scratch over the past 13 years.
Bayraktar said solar power is expected to soon become the largest single source in the system.
“By the end of this year, solar power will surpass hydropower to reach the top spot in total installed capacity,” he noted.
He added that renewable energy continues to expand its share in line with Türkiye’s long-term climate and energy targets, including its 2035 net-zero emissions ambition.
The minister also pointed to record additions in wind and solar capacity in recent years and said further expansion would be marked by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at an upcoming mass ceremony for renewable energy investments scheduled for next week.
The European Union has fined Temu 200 million euros ($232 million) after an investigation revealed the Chinese e-commerce giant failed to protect consumers from illegal products like toxic or hazardous toys and unsafe electronics.
The 27-nation EU’s fine follows preliminary findings last year that Temu was exposing consumers to a high risk of products sold on its platform like baby toys and small electronics that didn’t comply with EU consumer safety rules.
The bloc’s executive arm issued the penalty under the Digital Services Act, or DSA, a wide-ranging rulebook that requires online platforms to do more to keep internet users safe from harmful content or dodgy goods, under the threat of hefty fines.
Temu said it disagreed with the decision and considered the fine “disproportionate.”
The decision relates to the commission’s first DSA evaluation of Temu in 2024 “and does not reflect the current state of our systems,” the company said.
“Temu engaged constructively with the Commission throughout the process and has since taken further steps to strengthen risk assessment, platform governance, and user protection,” it said in a statement.
The company is popular because it offers cheap goods – from clothing to home products – shipped from sellers in China. The platform has 92 million users in the EU and is owned by PDD Holdings Inc., which also owns the popular Chinese e-commerce site Pinduoduo.
The European Commission said Temu failed to identify, analyze and assess the systemic risks of illegal goods for sale on the platform and the resulting harm to European consumers.
Investigators had carried out a “mystery shopping exercise” that turned up a number of “non-compliant” products, including many electronic device chargers that failed basic safety tests. They also found a very high percentage of baby toys that posed safety risks, either because they contained chemicals at levels that exceeded safety limits or because they had parts that came off and could be a suffocation risk.
The commission said failing to do proper risk assessments is a particularly serious breach of the bloc’s digital rules.
Risk assessments are “not box‐ticking exercises,” European Commission Executive Vice-President Henna Virkunnen said.
“Temu’s risk assessment underestimates concrete risks, lacks specificity, is not grounded in solid evidence, and is not comprehensive,” she said in a prepared statement. “It leaves regulators, users, and the public in the dark about the true scale of potential harm posed by illegal products sold on Temu. Now it is time for Temu to comply with the law.”
Temu has until the end of August to submit an “action plan” to remedy the problem. It could be hit with additional daily, weekly or monthly fines if it fails to comply.
Global waste and water crises are part of the same interconnected system, and commitments expected at this year’s global climate summit must translate into concrete outcomes if those challenges are to be addressed, according to experts.
The United Nations COP31 climate summit will be co-hosted by Türkiye and Australia in the Mediterranean gem Antalya in November.
Lara van Druten, a member of the U.N. Zero Waste Advisory Board and chief executive of Netherlands-based Waste Transformers, said the fields of zero waste and water are deeply interconnected.
She noted that water systems are essential to production processes and that products ultimately become waste that returns to water systems as pollutants.
Reducing waste and pollution, she told Anadolu Agency (AA), would create more resilient water systems.
Druten stressed that waste should not be viewed as a single product issue but as part of a broader system.
Recalling that approximately 40% of food produced globally is wasted while one in every 12 people goes hungry, she said the scale of associated water waste is equally significant.
“That 40% of food which is wasted, when we throw it out, also means we are throwing out Lake Geneva’s contents of water three times every single year. That’s just simply water which is being thrown away and completely wasted,” she said.
“If we solve the waste problem, we’re also going to solve the water problem.”
‘Truly measurable outcomes’
Druten said zero waste will, for the first time, be placed at the center of a COP conference across all of its dimensions during the meeting in Türkiye, adding that inclusivity and resilience – applicable both to cities and food systems – are among COP31 priorities.
She said events leading up to COP31, including U.N. Water Week and the Zero Waste Global Forum, provide momentum for producing practical outcomes.
“No matter how fantastic the event is, no matter how strong and promising the pledges are that we make, we will be judged on one thing and one thing only, and that is the action that we take.
“So I would say at all of the events, please, let’s focus on moving from talk into action, into actually measurable results that make a difference for people like you and I,” she said.
‘Global common good’
Henk Ovink, chair of the board of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and executive director of the Global Commission on the Economics of Water, said water itself will continue to exist, but human activity combined with climate change is undermining water security.
Ovink stressed the importance of understanding how human behavior and climate change together affect and deplete water systems.
“It is our bankruptcy, not water’s bankruptcy, that actually is defining our future,” he said.
Referring to the commission’s findings, Ovink said water supports the achievement of sustainable development goals and argued that water cycles should be treated and managed as a global common good.
“Water is something that we need to share and take into account in everything we do. That’s a challenge, but also an opportunity,” he said.
From COP31 to water conference
Ovink said Türkiye, like other countries, is expected to face increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events, with floods and prolonged droughts weakening food security and biodiversity.
He stressed that the links between desertification, biodiversity and climate should be treated as critically important at COP summits and that water considerations need to be integrated into sectors including energy, food systems, urbanization, industry and investment.
Calling on stakeholders attending COP31 to bring water-related commitments to the conference, Ovink said such commitments should carry forward as an outcome into the next U.N. Water Conference to demonstrate alternative solutions.
“If we constantly evaluate the solutions that we present in the context of our past promises, we will fail,” he added.
“So it’s not only enough to rethink what we can do, we have to re-do and rethink how we validate and evaluate investments and the actions that we need to take to head to a future that is more just, more resilient and more sustainable.”
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