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Director of Communications Burhanettin Duran spoke at the 17th Al Jazeera Forum: Wars are now being waged through perception management.

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Presidential Communications Director Burhanettin Duran spoke at the opening of the 17th Al Jazeera Forum held in Doha, the capital of Qatar. Explaining that they came together in Doha to address one of the defining questions of the age, and that the theme of the Forum was “Regional Balance of Power in the Context of the Palestinian Cause and the Emergence of a Multipolar World”, Duran said, “This theme forces us to confront not only the devastating realities of Israel’s genocide in Gaza, but also the deeper transformation in the international system itself.” he said. Duran said, “For more than 20 years, we have been told that the world is in transition, that we are moving from one global order to another. Today, this narrative is no longer sufficient. The world is not only in transition, it has already completed the transition.” he said.

Emphasizing that they are experiencing the consequences of a historical rupture, Duran stated that the assumptions that once structured the post-war international system have collapsed, the norms determining the limits of acceptable behavior have weakened, epidemics have revealed the fragility of global governance, and genocide has returned to the center of international politics not as an exception but as a tolerated reality.

Duran pointed out that international institutions designed to prevent these tragedies have repeatedly and structurally failed in public, and emphasized that the international system is now characterized by fragmentation, competition and institutional fatigue, that great power competition increasingly dominates global agendas, and that uncertainty in this environment has now become a structural reality.

“WARS ARE NOW Waged THROUGH NARRATIVES, DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND PERCEPTION MANAGEMENT”

Noting that what fundamentally distinguishes this era is “the full integration of information warfare into the logic of conflict,” Duran said, “Wars are no longer limited to physical battlefields, but are waged through narratives, digital platforms and perception management.” expressed his opinion.

Duran stated that technology companies, platform owners and algorithm designers have emerged as powerful non-state actors that can shape political outcomes without democratic accountability and continued:

“Algorithmic control has introduced a new form of domination. It determines what is visible, what is trustworthy, and what disappears. At this point we must face a fundamental question: What principle can maintain order when hierarchy collapses, institutions weaken, and power fragments? The answer is justice. Not just as a moral aspiration, but as an organizing principle of political order. Justice produces legitimacy. Where justice exists, order is internalized rather than imposed.”

Emphasizing that justice cannot exist without truth and truth cannot survive without the conditions that protect it, Duran said, “Our region has a civilizational heritage that connects truth and justice. Our intellectual tradition, from Al-Farabi to Ibn Khaldun, teaches us that civilizations survive not with sovereignty, but with legitimacy, unity and moral purpose.” he said.

“REGIONAL PROBLEMS REQUIRE REGIONAL SOLUTIONS”

Director of Communications Duran pointed out that today the Middle East is experiencing multiple and overlapping crises and said that the center of gravity has changed and the impact is no longer measured only in military terms, but is “defined by economic capacity, diplomatic networks, reconstruction power and coalition-building ability.”

Duran stated that the boundaries between the fields of security and humanitarian aid have collapsed, and humanitarian crises no longer only accompany wars, but shape strategic outcomes.

On the other hand, Duran stated that even though regional actors now have unprecedented diplomatic and economic capacity, coordination remains the main challenge and said, “Without collective action, individual power cannot create permanent stability.” he said.

Duran explained that the aftermath of the war had become as strategic as the war itself and shared the following views:

“Gaza and Syria remind us that wars end not only with ceasefires, but also with governance arrangements, reconstruction frameworks and political means. At this critical turning point, Türkiye’s vision is based on the principle of regional ownership. This is a strategic framework that prioritizes local actors, operationalizes regional diplomacy and strengthens collective capacity. Regional problems require regional solutions.”

Stating that the region is currently at such a turning point, Duran said, “(The region) will either resolve its internal fractures through cooperation, justice and common responsibility, or it will turn inward, compete, fragment and export instability.” he said.

Duran said, “If regional actors cannot manage their own conflicts, they will not remain local, they will become the fuel of global anarchy.” He stated that in this sense, the region is no longer only affected by the crisis of the international system, but is in a position to alleviate or deepen this crisis.

⁠”OUR BASIC BELIEF IS THAT STABILITY CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVED THROUGH INCLUSIVE COOPERATION, MUTUAL TRUST AND COLLECTIVE WISDOM”

Director of Communications Duran pointed out that the crises in the region have led to “an unprecedented wave of insecurity” and said, “This insecurity includes military conflicts, humanitarian disasters, economic pressure, information wars and political polarization. In Gaza, this wave of insecurity is seen in its most striking form: Mass destruction, deep trauma, genocide and humanitarian collapse.” he said.

In this context, Duran emphasized that regional and Gulf actors have decisive tools such as diplomatic influence, reconstruction capacity, mediation channels and consensus-building authority, and continued:

“We must unite around two absolutes and non-negotiables: ending this war and preventing all forms of displacement. Second, we must actively shape the ‘morning after’ by putting in place credible governance frameworks, rather than leaving a vacuum that destabilizing agendas can easily fill. Third, we must ensure that reconstruction is tightly linked to political viability, effective protection mechanisms and lasting stability.”

Duran stated that Türkiye has taken a series of concrete steps to ensure that the region contributes to global stability in the field of peace and security in this new era and invited all countries in the region to share this common responsibility. “Our fundamental belief is that stability can only be achieved through inclusive cooperation, mutual trust and collective wisdom. First of all, we have taken important initiatives to create the necessary mechanisms to resolve all disputes and disagreements in our region through dialogue and diplomacy.” he said.

Pointing to the normalization process between Azerbaijan and Armenia, the relations between Somalia and Ethiopia, the Grain Corridor Agreement between Ukraine and Russia and the facilitating role of Türkiye in the latest Iran crisis, Duran said, “All examples show themselves in this initiative.” made his assessment.

“WE AIM TO CREATE OUR OWN KNOWLEDGE AND DIPLOMACY ECOSYSTEM WITH ALL THESE EFFORTS”

Duran said that Türkiye encourages the creation of an inclusive and sustainable regional security architecture at a time when the world is becoming increasingly complex, adding: “We believe that this architecture should not only produce solutions to intra-regional problems, but also create a common capacity against threats originating from outside the region.” he said.

Duran also stated that they are making continuous efforts for the recovery, reconstruction and restructuring of countries that have suffered deep destruction due to civil wars and said, “Ensuring Syria’s stability and strengthening its institutional capacity is at the center of these efforts. We believe that a similar approach should be applied to Yemen and Sudan if the hostilities end.” he said.

Duran noted that special importance was given to institutionalization in order for these initiatives to yield permanent and effective results, and that these efforts were continued through various initiatives and multilateral platforms, adding, “In addition, we contribute to the establishment of various cooperation mechanisms against the new wave of risks and insecurity emerging in our region.” he said.

Director of Communications Duran said, “With all these efforts, we aim to create our own knowledge and diplomacy ecosystem. We want this ecosystem to reflect the realities of our region, promote collective wisdom and contribute to the emergence of a more balanced global order.” made his assessment.

Duran emphasized that we will continue to work determinedly in bilateral and multilateral meetings and similar international forums in order to develop a common language for peace and stability.

⁠”OUR REGION MUST RECLAIM THE AUTHORITY OF ITS OWN STORY”

Stating that the region has been the subject of others’ narratives within the framework of “crisis, fear and orientalism” for a very long time, Duran said, “This period must end now. Narrative is power. What defines the meaning, shapes the order. Our region must regain the authorship of its own story, not to mythologize itself, but to express the mission of civilization with clarity and confidence at a time of global rupture.” he said.

Duran said that Türkiye, under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, “A more just world is possible.” Pointing out that the call had deep repercussions, he said, “This is not just a statement of hope. This is a strategic horizon, a belief that justice must be built consciously.” made his assessment.

Emphasizing that the world is changing, Duran said, “Our responsibility before us is to ensure that the world changes in the right direction. This requires cross-border cooperation, resistance to algorithmic sovereignty, defense of truth, restoration of justice, and the courage to imagine a new global order based on dignity and legitimacy.” he said.

Duran said, “This is how truth turns into justice. This is how justice turns into order. And this is how a region that was once talked about becomes a region that speaks for itself.” expressed his views.

Thanking those who contributed and participants at the Forum, Duran said, “I hope that our discussions today will not only enrich our understanding, but also inspire collective action for a more just, peaceful and humane international order.” he said.



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We stand with the families who lost their children – Last Minute News

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Minister of Justice Yılmaz Tunç attended the mawlid program held at the Sultanahmet Mosque for Mattia Ahmet Minguzzi, who lost his life in a knife attack in Kadıköy, and made important statements.

Stating that the legislation regarding children dragged into crime should be re-evaluated, Tunç said, “The idea that a comprehensive research should be carried out in terms of eliminating the reasons that push children to crime and the measures to be taken and a law change should be made according to the results has emerged in our parliament. Currently, this commission is continuing its work. These legal regulations will be brought to the agenda in our parliament according to the report that will be created after the commission’s work is completed.”

Stating that they meticulously followed the investigation into the murder of Atlas Çağlayan in Güngören, Minister Tunç said, “Four people who threatened the Çağlayan family on social media were identified and arrested. Again, Ahmet Minguzzi’s family was threatened on social media. 3 people who threatened the family and 1 person who destroyed the grave were sentenced to up to 5 years in prison.”

Ahmet Minguzzi’s mother, Yasemin Minguzzi, said, “There are two acquittals. They must definitely go in. We do not accept this. We met with the Minister of Justice and our President and got their word.”



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Harsh words from Keçiören Mayor Özarslan to Özgür Özel! “I will file a criminal complaint”

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Harsh words from Keçiören Mayor Özarslan to Özgür Özel! I will file a criminal complaint

“CHP IS BEING AWAY FROM ITS CORE VALUES”

Drawing attention to the founding identity of the Republican People’s Party, Özarslan said, “This is Atatürk’s party, the founding element of the Republic. However, they are trying to distance it from its core values. It is unacceptable to protest the country in foreign countries. This is one of the biggest mistakes made.” Özarslan also touched upon MHP Chairman Devlet Bahçeli’s approach to the Kurdish issue and criticized CHP’s attitude on this issue. Özarslan said, “It is not understandable to avoid the table on an issue based on brotherhood, which is put forward for the future of the country. In my opinion, this is among the wrong policies.”

Harsh words from Keçiören Mayor Özarslan to Özgür Özel! I will file a criminal complaint

“ÖZGÜR ÖZEL SHOULD NOT DECEIVE CHP members”

Social media is collapsing, I said this too shall pass. I was a CHP mayor, the first message came at 23.59, messages came one after another. Unreasonable expressions, unspeakable insults, I have never seen such messages. The leader of a party founded by Atatürk could never be this light-hearted. I am calling out from here, Özgür Özel, with what right do you have the right to put out these messages with dirty accusations of cataracting my mother and my late father, you have neither humanity, morality, manliness, nor CHP membership. If you have honor and integrity, you would resign from the head of the party. Let him come out and deny it, the one who doesn’t prove it is dishonorable. I will resign from the Mayor of Keçiören, he should also resign from the Mayor, shouting in the squares is not enough. He should not deceive CHP members, he should not deceive nationalists, he should not go to Belgium and criticize our country. This country was not established easily.

Harsh words from Keçiören Mayor Özarslan to Özgür Özel! I will file a criminal complaint

WARNING TO MANSUR YAVAŞ: ‘IT WILL HAPPEN TO YOU TOO TOMORROW’

Addressing Ankara Metropolitan Municipality Mayor Mansur Yavaş, Özarslan argued that what he experienced could happen to other mayors as well. Özarslan said, “Everyone stays in an environment where they are happy, peaceful and safe. I am calling out to Mayor Mansur and other mayors: This situation happened to me today, it will happen to you tomorrow too.” “Are you angry with Mansur Yavaş?” Answering the question, Özarslan said, “I am only angry because he has not taken care of me lately. I have no other resentment.”



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The person who insulted Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Akgün was detained

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Minister Tunç’s post is as follows;

Regarding the criminal statements shared on social media against Eskişehir Mihalgazi Mayor, Ms. Zeynep Akgün, an ex officio investigation was initiated by the Eskişehir Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office for the crime of “inciting the public to hatred and hostility or humiliation” in accordance with Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code, within the scope of crimes against public peace, and the suspect was taken into custody. The judicial process is being carried out meticulously. Targeting a woman based on her clothing, beliefs and lifestyle; These ugly and discriminatory statements aimed at degrading his dignity and personality are never acceptable. This language of hatred directed against an elected public official and the national will will definitely find its response before the law and conscience.

He targeted Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Güneş! A slap in the face response from the AK Party was not delayed



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The reactions grew like an avalanche! The person who insulted Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Akgün was arrested

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İYİ Party member Mehmet Emin Korkmaz shared the photo of Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Güneş in local clothes on his social media account and used harsh expressions. Korkmaz included the following statements in his post:

The reactions grew like an avalanche! The person who insulted Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Akgün was arrested

“Is the duty of this political Islamist woman in shalwar suits to govern the district or to milk cows in her barn? The poor man must be lost in his place… At least my mother has the clothes and education!”

HARD REACTION FROM MINISTER GÖKTAŞ: WE WILL INTERVENE IN THE LEGAL PROCESS

Minister of Family and Social Services Mahinur Özdemir Göktaş made a statement on the subject from his virtual media account. Minister Göktaş said, “This immoral attack targeting our Mihalgazi Mayor, Mr. Zeynep Akgün, who has been elected by the votes of our nation for three terms, is a clear disrespect directed not only at a mayor, but at millions of women who stand by their labor, work, produce, add value to our country, and directly to the will of our nation. We will never accept or normalize this indecent and self-aware mentality directed at women. We will intervene in the legal process initiated for this action, which is not only a personal attack but also a crime.” he said.

Minister of Justice Yılmaz Tunç announced that the person who insulted Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Akgün was detained.

EXACT INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN STARTED

According to Minister Tunç’s statement, an ex officio investigation was launched by the Eskişehir Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office for the crime of “inciting the public to hatred and hostility or humiliating” in accordance with Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code, within the scope of crimes against public peace. It was stated that the suspect was detained within the scope of the investigation and judicial proceedings are continuing.

EMPHASIS ON HATE AND DISCRIMINATION

Minister of Justice Tunç stated that statements targeting a woman based on her clothing, beliefs and lifestyle clearly contain hatred and discrimination, and that such statements damage the honor and personality of the individual. Tunç emphasized that such ugly and discriminatory approaches cannot be accepted in any way.

HARD RESPONSE FROM AK PARTY: “THEY ARE FIGHTING WITH THE ESSENCE OF THIS LAND”

The reaction to the post in question was immediate. AK Party Eskişehir Provincial Chairman Gürhan Albayrak, in his statement, described Korkmaz’s statements as “insolence” and supported Zeynep Güneş. Albayrak emphasized that criticism over clothing is an attack on the will of the people.

Albayrak noted the following in his post:

“This superior mentality, which considers Anatolian women’s shalwar and traditional clothing as “ignorance”, has actually demonstrated its own ignorance. Attacking a president who has been elected by the votes of our citizens of Mihalgazi for 3 terms, through his appearance and clothing, is to insult the values of this nation. We condemn this indecent language that targets the will and clothing of the nation. Those who fight with the essence of this land are always doomed to lose. Your arrogance is our Anatolia.” “He could not defeat our wisdom and he will never be able to defeat it! We are always with our president Zeynep Güneş against these evil-mouthed types.”

The reactions grew like an avalanche! The person who insulted Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Akgün was arrested

Reacting to Korkmaz’s words, AK Party MKYK Member – Eskişehir Deputy Nebi Hatipoğlu said, “This poor mentality, which thinks it is politics to attack women, beliefs and the values of our nation through our Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Güneş, has once again made clear that its real concern is not service, but hatred and humiliation. Making fun of a woman’s headscarf, clothes and lifestyle is not criticism, but immorality. It is not politics, it is lack of character. What you are disturbed about is Zeynep.” It is not the sun; it is the women who come out of the nation with their heads high. It is not your tongue that keeps this country alive, but those you despise, and know that anyone who speaks ill of the values of the nation will fall under that tongue sooner or later.” he said.

İYİ PARTY ÖZEL: HE WAS REFERRED TO THE DISCIPLINARY BOARD WITH A REQUEST FOR DEFINITIVE DISMISSAL

İYİ Party Secretary General Osman Ertürk Özel, in his post on his virtual media account, said, “Trying to humiliate people through their clothing choices is a rudeness that can only be done by despicable people. The Turkish woman, who gained the right to vote and be elected with Atatürk as a great republican achievement, can rule the world no matter what clothes she chooses. This is our view and stance. The person who used these outrageous expressions was cautiously referred to the disciplinary board with a request for definitive expulsion. Mihalgazi Mayor, precious Zeynep “We convey our wholehearted support to Güneş regarding the rudeness she has been subjected to,” he said.

HARD REACTION FROM AK PARTY

Regarding the social media post targeting Eskişehir’s Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Güneş, AK Party Deputy Chairman and Party Spokesperson Ömer Çelik said, “We condemn the hate speech directed at our esteemed president. We will continue to fight against the politics of hate. We will also hold this focus of hate, which attacked our president, to account on the legal grounds.” he said.

Çelik reacted to the social media post targeting Mihalgazi Mayor Güneş on his NSosyal account.

Conveying the party’s sincere greetings to Güneş, Çelik said:

“We express our gratitude to our citizens from all segments of society who condemn the poisonous language directed at our president. The common sensitivity of our female citizens from all walks of life and views against hate language is also valuable. We condemn the hate speech directed at our esteemed president. We will continue to fight against the politics of hate. We will also hold this focus of hate, which attacked our president, accountable on the legal basis. We expect the İYİ Party to do what is necessary against this focus of hate.”

ARRESTED

Mehmet Emin Korkmaz, who was detained due to his post about Eskişehir’s Mihalgazi Mayor Zeynep Güneş Akgün, was referred to the Criminal Court of Peace after the prosecutor’s interrogation. Korkmaz, who also testified in court, was arrested and imprisoned on the charge of ‘inciting the public to hatred and hostility’.

STATEMENT FROM THE ATTORNEY GENERAL’S OFFICE

In the statement made by the Eskişehir Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office, “Our Office of the Chief Public Prosecutor has launched an ex officio investigation against the suspect for the crime of inciting the public to hatred and hostility, due to the social media user with the nickname ‘MEKorkmazTR’ on the social sharing platform named “The interrogation process of the person has been completed and he has been referred to the Criminal Judgeship of Peace on Duty with a request for his arrest within the scope of the crime of Inciting the People to Hatred and Enmity, and he has been arrested and handed over to the Closed Penal Institution. It is respectfully announced to the public.”



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Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee is going to the USA! Fuat Oktay: The constructive attitude of the congress is of critical importance in Türkiye-US relations

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Fuat Oktay, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, pointed out that cooperation, especially in the field of defense industry, has historically played a decisive role in the relations between the two countries, and stated that some restrictions that should not exist between allies are still applied to Türkiye. Stating that the restrictions in question do not coincide with the strategic interests of neither the USA nor NATO, Oktay noted that the current situation harms the spirit of the alliance.

Considering the US administration’s more constructive attitude towards the removal of these restrictions as a positive development, Oktay said that it is vital for the Congress to adopt a similar approach without delay and hesitation for long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation. He emphasized that this process requires a strategic perspective and constant dialogue.

Underlining that it is imperative to strengthen the relations between the legislative bodies of the two countries, Oktay expressed that they believe that parliamentary diplomacy can play a key role at this point.

In this context, Oktay announced that they would pay a visit to Washington within the week as the Turkish Grand National Assembly’s Foreign Affairs Committee, and stated that they would also hold contacts with think tanks, academic circles and non-governmental organizations, as well as meetings with members of Congress. Oktay stated that they aim to move Turkish-US parliamentary relations from the “turbulent crisis management mode” to a principle-based and permanent “stable partnership” with the contacts to be held.



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The Parliament investigated the entire EU! Here are the penalties applied to social media platforms: Access restriction, fine, content removal

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The Parliament investigated the entire EU! Here are the penalties applied to social media platforms: Access restriction, fine, content removal

IN THE UK, PLATFORMS ARE FINE UP TO 10 PERCENT OF THEIR ANNUAL TURNOVER

The study stated that the institution responsible for the supervision of both video sharing platforms and social media channels in the UK is the regulatory and supervisory Communications Authority (OFCOM) in the field of communication, communication and media, and it was emphasized that OFCOM requires platforms containing adult content to provide age verification and content filtering systems for the online safety of children.

In the study, it was stated that OFCOM has the authority to request corrections from the platforms and to fulfill their legal obligations in cases of violation of the provisions stipulated in the law, and the penalties to be imposed by the institution were shared as follows:

“If no action is taken, OFCOM can impose a fine of up to £18 million or 10 percent of the annual turnover (whichever is higher) on the relevant platforms. In case of ongoing and serious violations, OFCOM may request internet service providers to block access to the platform in question. Criminal proceedings may be initiated against senior managers of companies that do not respond to OFCOM’s requests for information. In addition, the services offered by the platform may be subject to certain obligations regarding child safety or OFCOM’s enforcement on the sexual abuse of children.” If they do not comply with the notifications, OFCOM may hold companies and senior executives criminally liable. In the most extreme cases, with the approval of the courts, OFCOM may request payment providers, advertisers and internet service providers to stop working with the platform in question in order to prevent a site from generating revenue or being accessed from the United Kingdom.




The Parliament investigated the entire EU! Here are the penalties applied to social media platforms: Access restriction, fine, content removal

ARCOM CONTROLS SOCIAL MEDIA IN FRANCE

In the study, which stated that the regulation and supervision of online video sharing and social media platforms in France was carried out by the Audiovisual and Digital Communications Regulatory Authority (ARCOM), an independent public authority, it was reported that in case of non-compliance with obligations, ARCOM imposed sanctions on video sharing platforms by suspending services or advertisements, issuing official notifications and administrative fines. The study emphasized that administrative fines can go up to 6 percent of the worldwide annual turnover or 20 million euros in cases such as hate content, and the sanctions against social media platforms for violations in France were listed as follows:

“In case of non-compliance with the technical requirements of age verification and failure to make corrections despite the warning, a fine of up to 150 thousand euros or up to 2 percent of the worldwide turnover will be imposed. In case of violation of the relevant articles of the criminal law by allowing minors to access pornographic content, a fine of up to 250 thousand euros or up to 4 percent of the world turnover will be imposed. For platforms that do not comply with the warning, internet service providers or DNS providers may be instructed to block access to the relevant service within 48 hours. Search engines and directories may be instructed to remove references to the infringing service (not to appear in search results). ARCOM may request that app stores block downloads of the infringing software and may face a fine of up to 1 percent of its global turnover.

Platforms that do not stop the spread of propaganda (war propaganda, etc.) of individuals or organizations sanctioned by the EU may be fined 4 percent of the world turnover, 6 percent in case of repetition, or 250 thousand euros if there is no turnover, and 500 thousand euros in case of repetition. Internet service providers or search engines that do not comply with ARCOM’s blocking or delisting instructions may be fined 1 percent of their world turnover, 2 percent or 75 thousand euros in repeated cases, or 150 thousand euros in repeated cases. If ARCOM’s investigation requests are not responded to or false/misleading information is provided, a fine of up to 1 percent of the platform’s world turnover may be imposed. “A delay penalty of up to 5 percent of the platform’s average daily world turnover may be imposed for each day the decisions are not complied with.”






The Parliament investigated the entire EU! Here are the penalties applied to social media platforms: Access restriction, fine, content removal

IN ITALY, THE COMMUNICATION BOARD CAN MAKE A QUICK CONTENT REMOVAL DECISION

In the study, it was stated that the board responsible for the implementation and supervision of the regulations regarding video sharing platforms and social media services in Italy is the Communication Board (AGCOM), and the following information was shared regarding the sanctions of the board:

“It has powers such as making rapid content removal decisions in emergency situations, requesting information and documents from the platforms, and imposing fines. Regarding fines, video sharing platforms can be fined from 30 thousand euros to 600 thousand euros, or in some cases up to 1 percent of the annual turnover. In case of repeated violations, the fine may be increased or temporary service restrictions may be imposed.”

In the study, which stated that the institution responsible for regulating and supervising video sharing platforms and social media platforms in Spain is the National Markets and Competition Board (CNMC), it was stated that the main regulation that outlines the duties and powers of the CNMC regarding video sharing platforms in Spain is the EU directive dated 2018 and that the directive in question was adapted to Spanish domestic law with the Audiovisual Communications Law dated 2022.

In the Netherlands, the study stated that the regulation and supervision of online video sharing and social media platforms are carried out by separate organizations, and that the Media Authority is responsible for the editorial/content supervision of online video sharing platforms, and the Consumer and Markets Authority is responsible for the supervision of social media platforms.






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