Türkiye is planning to establish a mining exchange aimed at expanding financing options and enhancing price transparency in the sector, the head of the country’s miners’ association said, according to remarks published on Monday.

Mehmet Yılmaz, chairperson of the Turkish Miners Association (TMD), said regulatory approval is expected, and the platform is planned to launch in 2026.

Speaking to journalists in Ankara, Yılmaz said the plan, included in Türkiye’s 12th Development Plan, would help create reference prices for strategic minerals such as gold, copper, boron and rare earth elements, making prices more transparent and traceable.

The 12th Development Plan, the second drawn up under Türkiye’s presidential system, spans the years 2024-2028.

The exchange is planned to be based at the Istanbul Financial Center (IFC). An application has been submitted by the Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) to the Capital Markets Board of Türkiye (CMB), Yılmaz said.

“The mining exchange aims to create a more predictable market depth for producers and investors, while providing a lower-risk trading environment,” he said.

Gold at $5,000 seen as ‘new normal’

Also, Yılmaz said gold prices around $5,000 per ounce were becoming “a new normal,” noting that higher prices pose a challenge for importing countries like Türkiye.

“Based on 2025 data, every $100-per-ounce increase in gold prices has an approximately $400 million negative impact on Türkiye’s current account balance,” he said.

According to Yılmaz, Türkiye’s gold production fell to 28.4 tons by the end of 2025, about half of the sector’s target and the lowest level in five years, while total gold imports reached 126.3 tonnes.

At the same time, Yılmaz said silver imports nearly doubled to 860 tons last year, driven by strong industrial and investment demand, particularly from the solar and electronics sectors.

Mining exports rise

Türkiye’s mining exports rose 3.4% last year to $6.2 billion, he said.

Yilmaz said Türkiye expanded overseas through government-to-government agreements in 2025, signing deals with Niger, Sudan, Somalia and Uzbekistan.

He also pointed to closer ties with Canada, saying Türkiye would pursue strong cooperation on mining technologies and financing, supported by the planned mining exchange.

“Mining accounts for about 1% of GDP, but exports exceed $6 billion and the potential runs into trillions of dollars,” he said and added: “After agriculture, mining is Türkiye’s second most strategic sector.”

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The European Commission demanded that the United States stick to the terms of an EU-U.S. trade ⁠deal agreed last year, after the ⁠U.S. Supreme Court struck down President Donald Trump’s global tariffs and he responded with new levies across the board. The EU also considers freezing the deal, the reports said on Monday.

The commission, which negotiates trade policy on ​behalf of the 27 EU member states, said Washington ​must ⁠provide “full clarity” on the steps it intends to take following the court ruling.

After the court struck down Trump’s global tariffs on Friday, the U.S. president announced temporary, across-the-board tariffs of 10%, which he then hiked to 15% just a day later.

“The current situation is not conducive to delivering ‘fair, balanced, and mutually beneficial’ transatlantic trade and investment, as agreed to by both sides” in the joint statement setting out the terms of last year’s trade agreement, the Commission said on Sunday.

“A deal is a deal.”

The comments were far more strongly worded than the commission’s initial response on Friday, which had ⁠said ⁠only that it was studying the outcome of the Supreme Court decision and keeping in contact with the U.S. administration.

Last year’s trade deal set a 15% U.S. tariff rate for most EU goods, apart from those covered by other sectoral tariffs, such as on steel.

It also allowed zero tariffs on some products, such as aircraft and spare parts. The EU agreed to remove import duties on many U.S. goods and withdrew a threat to retaliate with higher ⁠levies.

It is not clear whether Trump’s new 15% tariffs supersede the EU-U.S. deal. If they do, the EU’s zero-tariff exemptions could disappear. The new tariffs could also be placed on top ​of preexisting ‘most-favored-nation’ U.S. duties, which is not the case under the EU-U.S. deal.

Furthermore, the comparative ​advantage the EU had with a 15% tariff would appear to have disappeared, as even countries without a deal face that rate. Trade policy monitor ⁠Global Trade ‌Alert ‌estimates that the EU as a whole will be 0.8 ⁠percentage points worse off, with Italy facing an extra ‌1.7 percentage points of U.S. tariffs.

“In particular, EU products must continue to benefit from the most ​competitive treatment, with no increases ⁠in tariffs beyond the clear and all-inclusive ceiling previously agreed,” the ⁠EU executive said, adding that unpredictable tariffs were disruptive and undermined confidence across ⁠global markets.

Freezing deal possible

It said ​that European Trade Commissioner Maros Sefcovic had discussed the issue with U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer and Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick on Saturday.

Later on Monday, EU lawmakers said they would put on hold the trade deal with the U.S. after the Supreme Court ruling.

European Parliament negotiators will meet later on Monday to formally agree to freeze plans to approve the deal agreed last year, an Agence France-Presse (AFP) report said.

The parliament’s trade committee was due to give its green light on Tuesday.

Lawmakers from different parliamentary groups told AFP they supported putting the deal on ice until there is more clarity on what the court ruling means for the EU.

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Gold surged to a three-week high on Monday as uncertainty driven by the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to strike down a vast swathe of President Donald Trump’s tariffs pressured the dollar and pushed investors once again to the safety of bullion.

Spot gold climbed 0.6% to $5,136.22 per ounce by 07:29 a.m. GMT, having earlier hit its highest since Jan. 30. U.S. gold futures for April delivery were up 1.5% at $5,157.50.

“The court’s tariff ruling has, aside from earning the ire of the U.S. president, added another layer of uncertainty to global markets, with traders again turning to gold as a defensive play,” said Tim Waterer, chief market analyst at KCM Trade.

The U.S. Supreme Court struck down Trump’s sweeping tariffs that he pursued ⁠under ⁠a law meant for use in national emergencies, handing the Republican president a stinging defeat in a landmark ruling on Friday with major implications for the global economy.

After the court ruling, Trump said he would raise a temporary tariff from 10% to 15% on U.S. imports from all countries.

Wall Street futures and the dollar slid in Asia on Monday as murkiness around U.S. tariffs revived the “sell ⁠America” trade.

“Whether gold can claw its way back above $5,400 in the near-term may rest on how long tariff uncertainty lingers and whether the U.S. engages in military ​action against Iran,” KCM’s Waterer said.

Iran has indicated it is prepared to make ​concessions on its nuclear program in talks with the U.S. in return for the lifting of sanctions and recognition of ⁠its right ‌to ‌enrich uranium, as it seeks to avert a U.S. ⁠attack.

Meanwhile, data on Friday showed that ‌underlying U.S. inflation increased more than expected in December, and signs are pointing to a ​further acceleration in January, ⁠which would strengthen expectations that the Federal Reserve won’t ⁠cut interest rates before June.

Spot silver also climbed 1.2% to $85.57 per ounce, ⁠a more than two-week ​high.

However, spot platinum edged 0.3% lower to $2,149.22 per ounce, and palladium slipped 0.4% to $1,740.25.

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Türkiye is working to renew and update the Customs Union framework with the European Union, a top official said on Saturday, also underscoring efforts to keep Turkish industrial products within the European project.

“We are working to develop, renew, and update the customs union with the EU. The European Commission wants to advance relations with Türkiye,” Trade Minister Ömer Bolat told an event organized by a major business association.

“We are conducting intensive diplomatic activities to keep Turkish industrial products within the European project and increase their export capabilities,” he added.

His remarks came amid an increased debate over the “Made in Europe” strategy, through which the EU seeks to support struggling industries, but which risks sidelining Türkiye, its major trade partner, unless Ankara is also integrated in the initiative in a certain way.

The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, is expected to soon propose new rules that could include a requirement for companies in strategic sectors to produce in Europe if they want to receive public money.

But the definition of “European preference” has triggered debate, with calls especially from France for more “Made in Europe,” while other bloc states, such as Germany, call for a “Made with Europe” approach.

Türkiye has a decades-old customs union agreement with the EU, but which remains limited, covering industrial goods and processed agricultural products.

Turkish officials and the business community have long argued and kept highlighting the importance of updating the agreement to better reflect the present needs of both sides.

A modernized agreement would expand the scope to services, agriculture in full and public procurement. The deal also carries significance in the face of growing uncertainty in global trade, and the EU and Türkiye, due to their geographical proximity, have long enjoyed strong commercial relations.

Speaking at an iftar program, organized by the Independent Industrialists and Businessmen Association (MÜSIAD), Bolat touched upon trends in the Turkish economy, while also noting that its size has now reached $1.6 trillion.

He also said that trade diplomacy is among the Trade Ministry’s most important activities, with Türkiye managing economic relations with 200 countries, according to Bolat.

“We are pushing for Turkish companies to also benefit from defense funds in Europe,” he also said.

“We are making a great effort in this regard. In Europe, Türkiye’s economic strength, industrial strength, defense strength, military strength and technological capabilities are viewed with great respect,” he added.

“In this sense, we are fighting hard to ensure that Türkiye’s rights stemming from the customs union are not compromised,” he maintained.

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A landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared President Donald Trump’s “emergency” tariffs to be illegal has increased uncertainties about the future of the customs duties collected and trade agreements Washington made with other countries.

The court ruled Friday that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), on which the tariffs put into effect by Trump were based, did not grant the president the authority to impose tariffs.

The 6-3 decision emphasized that the authority to impose customs duties belongs to Congress.

Trump imposed “reciprocal” customs duties on almost all U.S. trade partners last year under the IEEPA, and introduced tariffs on China, Canada, and Mexico, citing the flow of fentanyl into the country.

Noting that the government interpreted the IEEPA as a law granting the president the authority to “unilaterally impose unbounded tariffs and change them at will,” the court’s decision pointed out that in the half-century history of the law, no president had used the act to impose any customs duty, let alone tariffs of the size and scope Trump imposed.

The ruling stated that the phrase “regulating” in the law did not sweep Congress’ power to “set tariff policy,” and the power to “regulate … importation” does not fill that void.

Stating that the IEEPA gives the president the authority to regulate imports on various issues, such as investigating, preventing and prohibiting, the decision noted that customs duties or fees were never mentioned in the long list of special powers.

Uncertainty for collected tariffs

While the decision puts a legal block on the Trump administration’s trade policies, it created a massive cloud of uncertainty regarding the fate of billions of dollars in customs duties recently collected under the IEEPA and the U.S. foreign trade commitments.

According to the Penn Wharton Budget Model, the amount collected for tariffs under the IEEPA that might need to be refunded was estimated to be more than $175 billion.

The decision did not present a concrete road map for the refund of the customs duties collected, but the court’s release included the opinion of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, who dissented, that the U.S. may be required to refund billions of dollars to importers and refunds of billions of dollars would have significant consequences for the U.S. Treasury Department.

Trump announces 10% global tariff

Trump, in a news conference held after the ruling, said it was “deeply disappointing” and he was ashamed of some members of the court.

“The good news is that there are methods, practices, statutes and authorities, as recognized by the entire court in this terrible decision, and also as recognized by Congress,” said Trump.

Arguing that the Supreme Court’s decision made a president’s authority to regulate trade and impose customs duties stronger and clearer, Trump explained that he thought the tariffs would generate more revenue than before.

Trump announced that he would sign a decision to implement a 10% global tariff in addition to the currently applied tariffs under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974, adding that they would launch various investigations under Section 301 and other articles to protect the U.S. from the unfair trade practices of other countries and companies.

He later said that this rate would be lifted to 15%.

Trump said on his Truth Social platform that after a thorough review of Friday’s “extraordinarily anti-American decision” by the court to rein in his tariff program, the administration was hiking the import levies “to the fully allowed, and legally tested, 15% level.”

Criticizing the absence of a provision regarding the refund of tariffs in the decision, Trump also suggested that the situation would be the subject of litigation for years.

Regarding the trade agreements negotiated using IEEPA tariffs, Trump said many deals are valid, some will not be valid and will be replaced by “other alternatives.”

U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent also said that using alternative legal authorities for customs duties would leave tariff revenues “virtually unchanged” in 2026.

Bessent pointed out that the court did not rule against the tariffs, but only that the IEEPA could not be used for that purpose.

India delays trade talks

However, the mood once again shifted among U.S. trading partners, with Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva on Sunday urging Trump to treat all countries equally.

Reportedly, India has, meanwhile, delayed plans to send a trade delegation ​to Washington this week, chiefly because of uncertainty after the U.S. Supreme Court struck ⁠down tariffs, a source in its trade ministry told Reuters on Sunday.

“The decision to defer the visit was taken after discussions between officials of the two countries,” said the source, who sought anonymity as the matter is a sensitive one.

“No new date for the visit has been decided.”

What happens next?

At the same time, import companies are expected to file class-action lawsuits for the refund of the taxes they already paid by citing the court’s decision as a precedent.

Reports in the U.S. media indicate that importers have already filed more than 1,000 lawsuits at the Court of International Trade to demand refunds, and a new influx of lawsuits is expected to begin.

Some small importers might give up the potential refund instead of paying thousands of dollars in legal and court fees to file a lawsuit, it was reported.

While experts warn that the process could technically turn into chaos, it is expressed that legal regulations regarding which product group, in which date range, and how much refund the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) unit will make could take months or even years.

As Kavanaugh expressed in his opinion, it is reported that the ruling did not completely eliminate the president’s authority to impose tariffs, but only ruled that he chose the wrong legal option by imposing customs duties under the IEEPA.

As Trump also stated, it is noted that the U.S. administration can use other federal laws in the upcoming period, such as Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, citing national security, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, authorizing action against unfair trade practices of foreign countries, or Section 122 targeting foreign trade deficits.

However, unlike the IEEPA, those laws require more complex bureaucratic and procedural steps, such as additional investigations, public comments and reports from specific institutions.

Are trade agreements in danger?

While the Trump administration used IEEPA tariffs as a bargaining chip in trade diplomacy with many countries, the Supreme Court’s decision also creates uncertainty for the fate of trade agreements worth trillions of dollars that have already been signed or are under negotiation.

Experts state that trade partners will now increasingly price in the risk that “agreements made with the U.S. President can be overturned by the judiciary.”

It is also noteworthy that Kavanaugh included the statement in his dissenting opinion: “The IEEPA tariffs have helped facilitate trade deals worth trillions of dollars, including with foreign nations from China to the United Kingdom to Japan, and more.”

“The Court’s decision could generate uncertainty regarding those trade arrangements.”

Spokespersons for the EU and the U.K. governments stated that they would be in contact with the U.S. to gain more clarity about the effects of the decision.

Another bout of trade policy uncertainty

Ryan Sweet, chief global economist at Oxford Economics, told Anadolu Agency (AA) that the ruling immediately lowers the effective tariff rate sharply, from 12.8% to 8.3%.

Sweet noted that any boost to the economy from lowering tariffs in the near-term is likely to be partly offset by a prolonged period of uncertainty, and with the administration likely to rebuild tariffs through other, more durable means, the overall tariff rate may yet end up settling close to current levels.

Sweet stated that the 6-3 ruling was unambiguous in striking down the emergency declaration underpinning much of the reciprocal by-country tariffs put in place last year.

He added that the Supreme Court did not rule on whether the administration must refund the more than $130 billion in tariffs already paid under the declarations, which will likely trigger a prolonged legal battle.

Sweet highlighted that the administration has frequently emphasized other powers it could use to rebuild much of the tariff regime struck down by the decision.

The White House may turn to Section 122 to immediately implement an up to 15% tariff on all imports for as many as 150 days before requiring congressional approval for an extension, he said.

That could serve as a bridge while the administration pursues other trade authorities, which require investigations but are more legally durable, he stated.

“Even if the administration is able to replicate the overall level of tariffs using other means, the by-sector and by-country implications could end up looking very different, which will create another bout of trade policy uncertainty for business, investors, and households,” said Sweet.

He warned that the uncertainty is a key downside risk that could ding, rather than derail, growth this year.

Trade agreements at risk

Olu Sonola, head of U.S. economic research at Fitch Ratings, stated that the 10% tariff may ultimately help reduce uncertainty once the dust finally settles.

Sonola noted, however, that at this point, it is still unknown whether the 10% blanket tariff is truly a blanket, whether it will spare consumer electronics, pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, and the many other sectors previously exempted under the IEEPA.

Pointing out that the refund process is likely to be vigorously litigated in the months ahead, Sonola said the Supreme Court’s decision gives companies and consumers a clear legal basis to demand their money back.

The ruling also puts trade agreements with tariff rates above 10% at real risk, Sonola mentioned.

Emphasizing that countries negotiating the deals are not the ones paying the bill but rather corporations and consumers are, he stated that if the tariff is deemed illegal, there is no legal justification for continuing to charge rates higher than the 10% allowed under Section 122.

Noting that global markets will probably shrug it off for now, Sonola said that may change as there is greater clarity on how it plays out.

“In fact, the decision could ultimately benefit many Asian and European countries that currently face IEEPA tariff rates in excess of 10%,” he added.

U.S. President Donald Trump said he was hiking the global duty on imports into the United States to 15% on Saturday, doubling down on his promise to maintain his aggressive tariff policy despite a Supreme Court ruling a day earlier, which deemed much of it illegal.

Trump said on his Truth Social platform that after a thorough review of Friday’s “extraordinarily anti-American decision” by the court to rein in his tariff program, the administration was hiking the import levies “to the fully allowed, and legally tested, 15% level.”

Shortly after the court’s 6-3 ruling that rejected the president’s authority to impose tariffs under a 1977 economic emergency powers act, Trump had initially announced a new 10% global levy by invoking a different legal avenue.

At the same time, the Republican launched an extraordinary personal attack on the conservative justices who had sided with the majority, slamming their “disloyalty” and calling them “fools and lap dogs.”

The ruling was a stunning rebuke by the high court, which has largely sided with the president since he returned to office, and marked a major political setback in striking down Trump’s signature economic policy that has roiled the global trade order.

Saturday’s announcement is sure to provoke further uncertainty as Trump carries on with a trade war that he has used to cajole and punish countries, both friend and foe.

It is the latest move in a process that has seen a multitude of tariff levels for countries sending goods into the U.S. set and then altered or revoked by Trump’s team over the past year.

Several countries have said they are studying the Supreme Court ruling and Trump’s subsequent tariff announcements.

Brazil’s President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva on Sunday urged Donald Trump to treat all countries equally.

“I want to tell the U.S. President Donald Trump that we don’t want a new Cold War. We don’t want interference in any other country, we want all countries to be treated equally,” Lula told reporters in New Delhi.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz said Saturday he would hold talks with European allies to formulate “a very clear European position” and a joint response to Washington before he travels to the U.S. capital in early March.

On the domestic front, Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro, a Democrat, said on X it was time for Trump to “listen to the Supreme Court, end chaotic tariffs, and stop wreaking havoc on our farmers, small business owners, and families.”

The new duty by law is only temporary, allowable for 150 days. According to a White House fact sheet, exemptions remain for sectors that are under separate probes, including pharma, and goods entering the U.S. under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada agreement.

On Friday, the White House said U.S. trading partners that reached separate tariff deals with Trump’s administration would also face the new global tariff.

High court defeat

Friday’s court ruling did not impact sector-specific duties Trump separately imposed on steel, aluminum and various other goods. Government probes still underway could lead to additional sectoral tariffs.

But it nevertheless marked Trump’s biggest defeat at the Supreme Court since returning to the White House 13 months ago. The court has generally expanded his power.

Trump heaped praise on the conservative justices who voted to uphold his authority to levy tariffs – Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Brett Kavanaugh, a Trump nominee – thanking them “for their strength and wisdom, and love of our country.”

The president alleged the majority of six justices, including two nominated during his first term, had been “swayed by foreign interests.”

“I think that foreign interests are represented by people that I believe have undue influence,” he said.

Shares on Wall Street – a metric closely watched by Trump – rose modestly Friday after the decision, which had been expected.

Business groups largely cheered the ruling, with the National Retail Federation saying this “provides much-needed certainty” for companies.

In court arguments, the Trump administration said companies would receive refunds if the tariffs were deemed unlawful. But the Supreme Court’s ruling did not address the issue.

Trump said he expected years of litigation on whether to provide refunds. Kavanaugh noted the refund process could be a “mess.”

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