Politics
Türkiye warns Israel to stop stoking tensions, pledges ‘strong response’
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on Wednesday hit out at Israel’s expansionism and cooperation with Türkiye’s adversaries. “Türkiye will respond strongly and clearly against any threat to its sovereignty and the rights of Turkish Cypriots in the Eastern Mediterranean,” he said.
Addressing the parliamentary group meeting of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party) in Ankara, Erdoğan also warned Israel against threatening the security of Syria and Lebanon. “Security of Damascus, Beirut means Türkiye’s security; we cannot accept fait accompli,” he said.
“We will never allow Israel to achieve its Promised Land plan,” Erdoğan added.
Türkiye is a fierce critic of Israel and one of the few countries in its region to openly defy the Netanyahu administration’s genocidal campaign of expansionism that spread from the Palestinian territories to Lebanon and beyond. For Ankara, Israel is the biggest obstacle to peace in the wider region. The country has exerted efforts for a diplomatic solution to the Palestine-Israel conflict and cut off all ties with Israel since the genocide in Gaza began three years ago. Erdoğan is at the forefront of the criticism and has repeatedly urged the international community to stop Israel before it embarked on another campaign of terror in Lebanon.
Erdoğan underlined that Israel’s aggressive stance posed a threat to humanity and recalled how inaction to Hitler led to the deaths of 80 million people 85 years ago. “Humanity paid the price for what a mad murderer did. The same mistake is being repeated now. Israel should be stopped now. This should be the duty of humanity. We should not allow history to repeat itself.”
In his speech on Wednesday, Erdoğan lamented successive crises and wars in the region culminating in “heartbreaking cries of the oppressed from Gaza to Lebanon.”
Erdoğan singled out Israel as a country functioning as a destabilizing force in the region, “always threatening peace, prosperity, security.”
“The occupation of Palestine and the genocide targeting Palestinians continue. Seventy-three thousand innocent people were slaughtered before the very eyes of the world in Gaza. This genocide is complimented with inhumane isolation of people. Israel has carried out the bloodiest genocide in mankind’s history and did not stop there. It attacked Iran and at the same time and began occupying Lebanon. Despite reactions by countries including Türkiye, it refuses withdrawal from Lebanon. Since March 2, the number of those killed in Lebanon has reached 3,700, and 11,400 people were injured,” he highlighted.
Erdoğan said that Israel simultaneously hatched a plan to destabilize African countries and the Mediterranean. “It is truly a generator of constant strife, a source of trouble spanning across a wide area,” he said.
The president decried the lack of international reaction to Israel’s illegal, immoral policies. “Under its current administration, Israel is spoiled and has become a source of threat not just for the region but for all of humanity. Attacks on Syria and Lebanon by Netanyahu and his network of murderers are now threatening Türkiye as well as these two brotherly countries,” Erdoğan underlined.
The president stressed that Syria and Lebanon had bonds of love and brotherhood with Türkiye. “Damascus and Beirut are sister cities of Istanbul. Türkiye’s security does not begin from Hatay (on the Syrian border). It starts from Damascus, from Beirut. We cannot tolerate any fait accompli in the countries of our brothers and sisters; we cannot turn a blind eye to attacks on them,” Erdoğan said.
Without naming him, Erdoğan slammed Israel’s defense minister, Israel Katz, who is known for his social media posts targeting Erdoğan and Türkiye. Katz recently drew the ire of Turks for a similar post in response to remarks by Interior Minister Mustafa Çiftçi.
“They are threatening Türkiye. We are aware of your intention. We know what you are pursuing; we are aware of the ambition of your ‘Promised Land’ delusion. We will not allow you to realize it,” Erdoğan said. The “Promised Land” is a foundational concept in Zionist ideology, corresponding roughly to modern-day Israel and parts of neighboring countries. According to extremist Zionist belief, it represents the land promised by God to them. For centuries, this concept has held immense significance in shaping Zionist identity, serving as a spiritual and historical anchor. It has fueled aggressive actions by many Zionist followers, who have used it to justify the killing of civilians in and around Israel through attacks and airstrikes.
Erdoğan also pointed out that Israel and its accomplices were engaged in starting “a fire” in the Mediterranean, especially in Cyprus, and said they were following the developments. Türkiye is a guarantor state in divided Cyprus and recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). It has no ties to the Greek Cypriot administration based in parts of southern Cyprus.
Greek Cypriots have boosted their engagement with many countries, bolstering military cooperation in particular, with countries ranging from Israel to France and India. In the past two decades, it has signed agreements and protocols with the U.S., United Arab Emirates (UAE), Czechia, Armenia, France, India, Jordan, Egypt and Greece for military alliance, transfer of military technology and use of air and maritime bases. In 2016, it signed a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with Israel. The agreement’s content is not fully disclosed, but it is reported that the agreement allows Israel to use military bases and facilities in southern Cyprus, according to media reports. The Greek Cypriot administration also signed defense cooperation agreements with Israel in 2017 and 2024. The Greek Cypriot administration also signed a deal with France allowing deployment of French troops on the island. The deployment requires approval of Türkiye, Greece and the United Kingdom, guarantor states of the divided island.
The president said “some small circles whose ambitions are bigger than their size” have jumped on the Israeli bandwagon and served as “contractors of Zionism.”
“They are chasing dreams in the Eastern Mediterranean. Let me be clear: Do not engage in adventures, do not ride on the tails of the Zionist network of murderers. Our response to attempts at rights and sovereignty of Türkiye and Turkish Cypriots in the Eastern Mediterranean will be clear and very strong,” he said.
Politics
Türkiye aims to expand Mecca pact, underlines no country targeted
The Mecca Joint Defense Agreement was the surprise alliance of the week in a region embroiled in turmoil. Although negotiations were underway for some time to build the pact among Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, it was only after its signing that the details fully surfaced.
Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan, who was present during the signing of the deal in the Saudi city where Islam was born, explained it in detail in a lengthy interview and reassured that it was a “defense deal,” not a means to attack any specific country. Fidan also signaled that Egypt might join the trio in the near future.
The agreement embodies the spirit of alliance among three countries that already enjoy close ties. One of its highlights is that it stipulates that an attack on one of the parties would be deemed an attack on all and, therefore, would require a joint response.
It came against the backdrop of the U.S.-Israel-Iran war, which has spread across the region, with Iran targeting other countries it views as supportive of the U.S. and disrupting shipping through the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea.
“I believe that at the next stage, Egypt will also be among us in the alliance. We already act toward one another as if we were alliance members,” Fidan said in an interview with Anadolu Agency (AA) late Saturday. “There are a few technical issues. Once these are resolved, there is no reason for Egypt not to be part of it.”
Fidan said the agreement does not target a specific country. “There is no common threat that we have put in writing,” he said. His remarks were a response to media reports and critics of the agreement who claimed it would prompt joint action against Iran, whose affiliates in Yemen recently targeted Saudi Arabia. Türkiye itself, through NATO defense systems, intercepted several missiles in the early days of the U.S.-Israel-Iran war. On the other hand, Türkiye and Pakistan were at the forefront of efforts to bring the U.S. and Iran to the negotiation table to secure a cease-fire and a lasting peace.
Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry said Friday that the pact was “intended to strengthen collective deterrence.”
Fidan said the agreement was “the most important step toward bringing lasting stability to this region” and suggested the alliance could expand further. “Under our president’s vision, we should not remain limited to three countries. We should grow and, if necessary, bring all countries under this umbrella,” he said. The vision aligns with Türkiye’s peace diplomacy, which seeks to keep Türkiye in close connection with all sides of a conflict and diversify Türkiye’s alliances, which, in the past, were firmly anchored in Western-centric alliances. Türkiye remains committed to NATO and other alliances in the meantime.
Fidan said Saturday that the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement is technically the same as Article 5 of the NATO Treaty concerning collective defense.
Fidan said discussions on the initiative began before the current war environment, when there was no Iran-U.S.-Israel war, but Türkiye anticipated that American security concerns in the region would change, other developments would emerge and its fight against terrorism would remain on the agenda.
He stressed that Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are not expansionist countries.
“Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Türkiye, when you look at their foreign policy positions, are not countries that have expansionist policies. They are countries concerned with their own borders, their own problems and their development; if possible, they want to contribute positively to their environment through good relations and good neighborliness,” he said.
Fidan said the three countries have different styles and capacities, but when brought together, they naturally form a defense-oriented organization rather than an offensive one. “Now, when we come together with these countries, naturally we are becoming a defense-oriented organization. It is not an approach of going on the offensive and saying, ‘Let’s do this or that together.’ Therefore, unless it is attacked by a country, whether from inside or outside the region, this alliance cannot have any dispute with any country. But, of course, the power composition we have put forward will make a constructive contribution to regional stability,” he said, stressing the reasons for advancing the initiative and emphasizing that Iran was not the target of the agreement. He added that countries that do not attack the signatories are not considered targets.
Fidan said the alliance had been examined closely from legal, political, and strategic perspectives and that Türkiye saw no problem with the framework. He also noted that NATO countries had previously concluded similar agreements.
“Under our president’s vision, we should not remain limited to three countries. We should grow and, if necessary, bring all countries under this umbrella,” he said. “The Mecca agreement is the most important step toward bringing lasting stability to this region,” Fidan said, adding that the region has experienced instability in the past century since the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire.
He described the signing of the agreement as a “historic day,” saying it represented one of the milestones that Türkiye had been pursuing for years under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s leadership.
Fidan said increasing regional ownership of security issues is central to Türkiye’s approach.
“External hegemons coming into the region do not solve the problems; they make them more acute, and the cost becomes very high,” he said, arguing that regional countries should develop more institutional mechanisms through which they can ensure their own security, economic stability, development and prosperity.
Fidan said Türkiye has strong relations with almost all countries in the region. “But these were relations that were largely shaped by the prevailing circumstances, political perceptions and understandings, and could change at any moment.”
He said Ankara seeks to make its regional ties more lasting and structured to promote stability, stressing that lasting economic integration requires security and mutual trust.
Citing the EU as an example, Fidan said the European Economic Community took shape in the environment provided by the American security umbrella. He said Türkiye’s regional vision similarly seeks to reduce instability and eventually foster greater economic and social integration, improving the prosperity of regional populations.
Fidan acknowledged that the initiative is at an early stage and will not be easy to establish, but said Türkiye has already completed the conceptual and institutional preparations. The minister said preparations for the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement had been underway for nearly three years, with talks involving signatories and other regional countries. He said the process evolved from an initial idea into a concept and ultimately an agreement, while Erdoğan had also repeatedly raised the issue with regional leaders.
Fidan said the Mecca initiative is not a new phenomenon within NATO and stressed that Türkiye is a country that is aware of its responsibilities.
“Türkiye is also a country that is aware of its responsibilities. We are in no position to keep these different geographies and different priorities in conflict with one another,” he said.
He said this was an area that needed to be managed and noted that he raised the issue during a meeting with his German counterpart.
Fidan also noted Türkiye’s objective was based on regional ownership and that Ankara had weight in several strategic locations, adding that there had also been serious discussions about what could be done in terms of a security architecture with Europe.
“Türkiye, by virtue of its geography, has a strategic orientation toward Europe and the broader European geography through the Caucasus, Middle East, Black Sea, Mediterranean and Balkans. Here, you need to develop a perspective for each strategic basin and harmonize these perspectives even if areas of tension emerge,” he said.
Türkiye’s experience within NATO had shown that Ankara has different geographic conditions from other members, particularly regarding the Middle East and Caucasus, and those have been analyzed, he said. He said Türkiye’s strategic sphere was broad and that each strategic basin had different positions and conditions, requiring separate approaches. Fidan said Türkiye was seeking to develop security and economic architectures for those areas together with regional countries rather than through a hegemonic approach.
“We are not going with a hegemonic understanding, so we need to do this together with the countries of the region. Following the agreement in the Caucasus, hopefully, there is currently a cease-fire – a cease-fire that is working well. Armenia and Azerbaijan are moving toward a permanent peace agreement, and we support this. While supporting this, we have a security and economic architecture perspective in mind,” he said.
Asked whether a similar structure could be established in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Fidan said those arrangements could be built when necessary, noting that some regions could place greater emphasis on economic needs.
He said the Middle East’s main problem was currently war, mutual distrust and conflict, making it necessary to begin with a security architecture, while Europe was also seeking a new security architecture. Fidan stressed that European and Middle Eastern security architectures could eventually be harmonized through Türkiye “in the long term, and even in the medium term. The intellectual and conceptual preparations for this have actually been established,” he said. He said both regions ultimately sought security, economic development, and the ability to remain competitive, but stressed that such ideas were gradually taking shape and that putting them into practice would take time, with Europe’s transformation likely to take longer.
‘Muslim NATO’
Some Turkish media outlets portrayed the Mecca agreement as the realization of the “Muslim NATO” vision, first voiced by the late Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan, who also happens to be the political mentor of President Erdoğan. Erbakan advocated closer ties with Muslim countries in the face of Türkiye’s past foreign policies, which were largely steered by relations with Europe and the United States. Erbakan often repeated his proposal for strengthening Muslim unity across the world through a joint economic zone, joint currency and military alliance, in the fashion of the EU and NATO. His “Muslim NATO” vision primarily aimed to deter Israel.
Similarly, Devlet Bahçeli, leader of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), the government ally of Erdoğan’s Justice and Development Party (AK Party), has suggested an Islamic alliance for security repeatedly over the past two years. In a written statement in August 2024, Bahçeli proposed the formation of a “Jerusalem Pact” comprising Türkiye, Syria, Iraq, Egypt and other regional countries to ensure peace in the Middle East. He underlined that the pact was necessary to stop Israel’s attacks on Gaza, for the preservation of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, and for the safety of Palestinians.
“We attach great importance, from the perspective of our national security, to the political and economic stabilization of the Middle East and North Africa region, which forms part of Türkiye’s security perimeter. In this context, we consider the establishment of a ‘Jerusalem Pact’ involving Türkiye and other Islamic countries to be necessary for our country’s security as well. At this stage, it has become an urgent and unavoidable necessity for all countries in the region to stand on their own feet, to demonstrate the ability to use their own resources and capabilities for the future of their peoples rather than according to policies dictated by imperialist powers; and to free the region from being a source and center of terrorism, which is a crime against humanity,” Bahçeli stated back then.
Politics
Türkiye ensures smooth passage to Black Sea amid Russia-Ukraine war
Turkish officials assured that the passage through the Turkish Straits to the Black Sea was continuing amid spillover of the Russia-Ukraine war into the latter.
On Saturday, Bloomberg News reported that Ankara had restricted commercial ship traffic entering the Black Sea following attacks on vessels there, including Turkish-owned ships. Türkiye has issued repeated warnings to Moscow and Kyiv over the attacks in the Black Sea, urging the warring sides to take measures to ensure navigational safety in the area. On Saturday, Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said Ankara had conveyed to Moscow and Kyiv that they should declare a moratorium on their attacks in the Black Sea.
Two Turkish government officials, who spoke to Reuters on condition of anonymity, said Türkiye had implemented some temporary measures because it had been highly uncomfortable about security for some time, but that passage was clear under the conditions of the Montreux Convention. They did not give further detail.
The 1936 Montreux Convention of the Regime of the Straits gives Türkiye control over the Bosporus and Dardanelles, and the power to regulate transit of naval warships. It also guarantees the free passage of civilian vessels in peacetime and restricts the passage of ships not belonging to Black Sea countries. Türkiye, which has NATO’s second-largest army, has maintained cordial ties with both Kyiv and Moscow since the Russia-Ukraine conflict erupted in 2022. It has refused to join Western sanctions on Russia, while providing military support, including from its own inventory, to Ukraine.
Apart from attacks on Turkish-owned ships, Türkiye has also seen stray drones falling on its territories and territorial waters. On Sunday, the governorate of Artvin in northeastern Türkiye announced that an unmanned maritime vehicle detected off the Black Sea shore of Hopa district was demolished in a controlled way. The governorate did not specify the origin of the vehicle but said in a statement that the discovery was similar to those in the past after the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine war.
Politics
Türkiye’s child protection law toughens sentences for young offenders
Turkish Parliament’s General Assembly passed a bill amending the Child Protection Law on Saturday, putting an end, for now, to a debate over minors getting away with serious crimes such as murder.
The law stipulates prison terms of between 19 and 27 years for offenses punishable by aggravated life imprisonment when committed by offenders who were between the ages of 15 and 18 at the time of the crime. It also mandates prison terms of between 15 and 18 years for offenses punishable by life imprisonment.
The bill has been on lawmakers’ agenda for some time in light of several notorious murders committed by offenders under the age of 18, often targeting their peers, as well as the rise of criminal gangs exploiting young people to carry out crimes such as extortion and contract killings targeting rival gangs and businesses that refuse to pay extortion demands.
Under the new law, judges are granted discretionary authority so that age-based sentence reductions may not be applied to children in the 15-18 age group who commit intentional homicide or aggravated injury resulting in severe consequences. In addition, the penalty regime applicable to an older age group may be applied to children in the 12-15 age group.
Any person who enables a child to obtain a firearm as a result of failing to fulfill their duty of care and supervision will be sentenced to imprisonment from one to three years, provided that the act does not constitute another offense carrying a heavier penalty.
The phrase “juvenile pushed into crime” in the Child Protection Law has also been replaced with “child in the judicial process.” If a public prosecution is initiated against a child, the case will be reported to the provincial or district directorates of the Ministry of Family and Social Services and the Ministry of National Education so that the necessary administrative measures can be taken.
A new article added to the Child Protection Law establishes “guidance measures” as child-specific security measures for children involved in judicial proceedings who lack criminal responsibility. Under the amendment, conducting a social investigation will be mandatory for children under the age of 15. If a social investigation is not conducted by the public prosecutor, the court, or the juvenile judge for a child aged 15 or older, the reasons must be specified in the indictment or judicial decision.
Justice Minister Akın Gürlek hailed the new law and regulations in a social media post on Sunday. He said the legislation paved the way for more deterrent sanctions for serious crimes, adding that efforts to combat the exploitation of children by criminal groups had also been strengthened.
“While protecting our children from the dangers of criminal organizations, street gangs, drugs, violence and the digital world, we will also decisively fulfill the requirements of justice in the face of serious crimes that threaten the lives and property of our citizens. Under the leadership of our president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, we will continue to develop our justice system for a safer and fairer Türkiye, where our children grow up in safety and the peace of our families is strengthened,” Gürlek said.
Interior Minister Mustafa Çiftçi said the law had become “the voice of the voiceless.”
“This law does not merely punish; it cuts off the path leading to crime, anticipates risks before they emerge, and serves as a shield for our children,” Çiftçi said in a social media post on Sunday.
Politics
Türkiye boosts rights, benefits for martyrs’ and veterans’ families
The Turkish Parliament passed a critical law early Monday for the martyrs’ and veterans’ families to boost their rights and benefits, particularly in financial terms.
The General Assembly approved the law just hours before it was set to vote on a law as part of the terror-free Türkiye initiative.
Martyrs are mostly members of the security forces, including military personnel and law enforcement officers, who were killed in counterterrorism operations or terrorist attacks, as well as civilians killed in such attacks.
In the past few decades, the terrorist groups PKK and Daesh have been primarily responsible for deadly attacks, both across the country and abroad, targeting Turkish nationals.
The new law passed with the votes of 382 lawmakers in the 600-seat parliament. It provides for increases in monthly payments to the families of martyrs. The total payment to the parents of martyrs will be no lower than the net monthly minimum wage, which is currently slightly above TL 28,000.
The additional payment provided to veterans and people left disabled by injuries sustained in terrorist attacks and who require personal care will also be increased. The payment for people in these groups will be raised to 2.5 times the net minimum wage.
Monthly payments for noncommissioned officers, village guards (local civilians, particularly in eastern and southeastern Türkiye, who are employed to defend rural areas against attacks by the PKK and other terrorist groups), military cadets and civilians who were left disabled on duty will also be increased.
Monthly pensions will be granted to those injured while carrying out counterterrorism duties but who are not considered disabled under existing laws.
Monthly pensions will also be granted to public servants and civilians who were injured while attempting to thwart the July 15 coup attempt by the Gülenist Terror Group (FETÖ) or terrorist attacks but are not considered disabled under the law.
Commenting on the law, Family and Social Services Minister Mahinur Özdemir Göktaş said a new era was beginning in strengthening the rights of the families of martyrs and veterans.
In a statement posted on her social media account Monday, Göktaş said they were providing the families of martyrs and veterans with stronger rights.
She said the new regulations would improve monthly payments to the parents of all martyrs so that they would not fall below the minimum wage.
She added that those injured in the fight against terrorism but not classified as disabled would, for the first time, receive monthly pensions, along with social benefits such as free public transportation and discounts on electricity and water bills.
“Under the leadership of our President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, we will continue to stand by the precious families entrusted to us by our martyrs and our heroic veterans,” the minister added.
Politics
Another mayor quits CHP in western Türkiye after bribery probe
Suspended Menderes Mayor Ilkay Çiçek in the western city of Izmir announced Monday that he had resigned from the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) after being jailed pending trial in a corruption investigation involving bribery and extortion allegations.
The Izmir Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office had ordered the detention of 16 suspects, including Çiçek, as part of an investigation into alleged offenses including forming and joining a criminal organization, bribery, extortion, forgery of official documents, abuse of office and causing zoning pollution.
All 16 suspects were referred to court following proceedings by the gendarmerie. Ten, including Çiçek, were arrested pending trial, while six others were released under judicial supervision.
The Interior Ministry later suspended Çiçek from his post as Menderes mayor as a temporary measure.
Çiçek said he reluctantly resigned from the CHP after the party referred him to disciplinary proceedings seeking his expulsion without first obtaining his defense.
Çiçek was elected mayor of the small Aegean coastal district in the 2024 municipal elections, replacing another CHP mayor in a district that has been a stronghold of the opposition party for years.
Over the past months, dozens of CHP mayors have been the subject of criminal investigations, and many have been detained or arrested on corruption charges, along with a sizable number of municipal bureaucrats.
Politics
Austrian chancellor meets Erdoğan as countries seek to build on good ties
Austrian Chancellor Christian Stocker made his inaugural visit to Türkiye since taking office last year and met with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the Presidential Complex on Monday. The visit comes at a time of flourishing relations between the two countries whose ties deteriorated in the past decade. The last Austrian chancellor to visit Türkiye was Karl Nehammer, who was the first Austrian official in that post to visit Türkiye in 2023, after a 22-year hiatus.
Türkiye and Austria turned their hostilities in the Middle Ages into somewhat steady relations in the 18th century. This evolved into an alliance in World War I, and in 1924, the fledgling Republic of Türkiye signed a friendship agreement with Austria.
Quoted by Austrian media before his trip to Ankara, Stocker stated that the main topics he would discuss with Turkish officials would be the economy and migration. Stocker defined Türkiye as “an important economic partner” and hailed good relations between the two countries. He stated that Austria and Türkiye had more potential, especially in tourism and Austrian investments in Türkiye.
Stocker is accompanied by Peter Hanke, minister for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology, and Wolfgang Hesoun, vice president of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber. He will meet Erdoğan for the second time since he took office, after a May 2025 meeting in Albania on the sidelines of the European Political Community summit.
Austrian Foreign Minister Beate Meinl-Reisinger sought to upgrade relations between the two countries as she met her Turkish counterpart Hakan Fidan on the sidelines of the Antalya Diplomacy Forum in Türkiye last April.
Austria and Türkiye’s trade volume exceeded $4.3 billion in 2025, and the countries aim to elevate it to $5 billion in the short run. Foreign direct investment in Türkiye by Austria surpassed $11.2 billion between 2005 and 2025, while the Turkish investments in Austria in the same period were $887 million.
Turkish and Austrian officials will also hold a high-level roundtable meeting on economic ties during Stocker’s visit. Türkiye is among key export markets outside the European Union for Austria.
Austrian officials say that Hanke’s meeting with Turkish Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure Abdülkadir Uraloğlu would focus on cooperation on modernization of transport infrastructure, especially railways.
Austria also has a large Turkish community numbered around 350,000 people, while Türkiye is popular among Austrian tourists. In 2025, more than 563,000 Austrian tourists visited Türkiye.
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