Economy
Trump takes most aggressive move to roll back US climate regulations
The Trump administration unveiled its most far-reaching move yet to roll back U.S. climate policy on Thursday, declaring it would rescind the scientific determination that greenhouse gases pose a threat to public health, a finding that underpinned federal climate rules, and eliminate national emissions standards for vehicles and engines.
The moves come after a year of implementing a string of regulatory cuts and other actions intended to unfetter fossil fuel development and stymie the rollout of clean energy.
“Under the process just completed by the EPA, we are officially terminating the so-called endangerment finding, a disastrous Obama-era policy that severely damaged the American auto industry and drove up prices for American consumers,” Trump said, saying it was the biggest deregulatory action in U.S. history.
Trump announced the repeal beside Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Lee Zeldin and White House Budget director Russ Vought, who has long sought to revoke the finding and was a key architect of conservative policy blueprint Project 2025.
Trump has said he believes climate change is a “con job,” and has withdrawn the United States from the Paris Agreement, leaving the world’s largest historic contributor to global warming out of international efforts to combat it in addition to killing Biden-era tax credits aimed at accelerating deployment of electric cars and renewable energy.
Former President Barack Obama blasted the move, saying without the endangerment finding, “we’ll be less safe, less healthy and less able to fight climate change – all so the fossil fuel industry can make even more money.”
Former President Barack Obama blasted the move, warned that Trump’s decision would leave Americans “less safe, less healthy.”
“Without it, we’ll be less safe, less healthy and less able to fight climate change – all so the fossil fuel industry can make even more money,” the 44th president wrote on social media platform X.
‘Holy grail’
Zeldin said the Trump administration took on the most consequential climate policy of the last 15 years, something that the agency avoided during his first term amid industry concern about legal and regulatory uncertainty.
“Referred to by some as the holy grail of federal regulatory overreach, the 2009 Obama EPA endangerment finding is now eliminated,” he said.
The endangerment finding was first adopted by the United States in 2009, and led the EPA to take action under the Clean Air Act of 1963 to curb emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and four other heat-trapping air pollutants from vehicles, power plants and other industries.
It came about after the Supreme Court ruled in 2007 in the Massachusetts vs. EPA case that the agency has authority to regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act.
Its repeal would remove the regulatory requirements to measure, report, certify, and comply with federal greenhouse gas emission standards for cars, but may not initially apply to stationary sources such as power plants.
The transportation and power sectors are each responsible for around a quarter of U.S. greenhouse gas output, according to EPA figures.
The EPA said the repeal and end of vehicle emission standards will save U.S. taxpayers $1.3 trillion, while the prior administration said the rules would have net benefits to consumers through lower fuel costs and other savings.
The Alliance for Automotive Innovation, representing major automakers, did not endorse the action but said “automotive emissions regulations finalized in the previous administration are extremely challenging for automakers to achieve given the current marketplace demand for EVs.”
The Environmental Defense Fund said that the repeal will end up costing Americans more, despite EPA’s statement that climate regulations have driven up costs for consumers.
“Administrator Lee Zeldin has directed EPA to stop protecting the American people from the pollution that’s causing worse storms, floods, and skyrocketing insurance costs,” said EDF President Fred Krupp. “This action will only lead to more of this pollution, and that will lead to higher costs and real harms for American families.”
Under former President Joe Biden, the EPA aimed to cut passenger vehicle fleetwide tailpipe emissions by nearly 50% by 2032 compared with 2027 projected levels and forecast between 35% and 56% of new vehicles sold between 2030 and 2032 would need to be electric.
The agency then estimated that the rules would result in net benefits of $99 billion annually through 2055, including $46 billion in reduced fuel costs, and $16 billion in reduced maintenance and repair costs for drivers.
Consumers were expected to save an average of $6,000 over the lifetime of new vehicles from reduced fuel and maintenance costs.
The coal industry celebrated the announcement on Thursday saying it would help stave off retirements of aging coal-fired power plants.
“Utilities have announced plans to retire more than 55,000 megawatts of coal-fired generation over the next five years. Reversing these retirement decisions could help offset the need to build new, more expensive electricity sources and prevent the loss of reliability attributes, such as fuel security, that the coal fleet provides,” said America’s Power President and CEO Michelle Bloodworth.
Uncertainty unbound
While many industry groups back the repeal of stringent vehicle emission standards, others have been reluctant to show public support for rescinding the endangerment finding because of the legal and regulatory uncertainty it could unleash.
Legal experts said the policy reversal could, for example, lead to a surge in lawsuits known as “public nuisance” actions, a pathway that had been blocked following a 2011 Supreme Court ruling that GHG regulation should be left in the hands of the Environmental Protection Agency instead of the courts.
“This may be another classic case where overreach by the Trump administration comes back to bite it,” said Robert Percival, a University of Maryland environmental law professor.
Environmental groups have slammed the proposed repeal as a danger to the climate. Future U.S. administrations seeking to regulate greenhouse gas emissions likely would need to reinstate the endangerment finding, a task that could be politically and legally complex.
But environmental groups are confident that the courts will continue their track record of backing the EPA’s authority to use the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gases.
Several environmental groups, including the Natural Resources Defense Council and Earthjustice, have said they will challenge the reversal in court, setting off what could be a years-long legal battle up to the Supreme Court.
“There’ll be a lawsuit brought almost immediately, and we’ll see in them in court. And we will win,” said David Doniger, senior attorney at the NRDC.
Panama Canal Administrator Ricaurte Vásquez said Thursday that the conflict in the Middle East and rising fuel costs could ultimately benefit the interoceanic waterway as global shippers adjust routes.
In an interview with The Associated Press (AP), Vásquez said that higher energy, fuel and navigation costs could make the Panama Canal a more attractive option for commercial traffic.
“When costs increase, in general when the price of marine fuel rises, the Panama Canal becomes a more attractive route,” Vásquez said.
Oil prices have risen amid the war in the Middle East, which has led to the temporary closure of the Strait of Hormuz by Iran in response to U.S. and Israeli attacks. About one-fifth of the world’s oil passes through the waterway at the mouth of the Persian Gulf.
If higher energy costs persist, routing cargo through Panama can cut voyages by between three and 15 days, depending on the route, while reducing fuel consumption, he said.
Vásquez said higher fuel costs are expected to affect container ships, bulk carriers and tankers transporting liquefied natural gas. If Middle Eastern supplies are disrupted, shipments may be replaced by other sources, including the United States, which could redirect some LNG cargo from Europe to Asia via Panama.
Gerardo Bósquez, an executive with the Panama Maritime Chamber, said a prolonged conflict could reshape global trade routes, with gas transport among the segments likely to benefit.
Vásquez cautioned that any changes will not be immediate and will depend on how long cargo operators expect the conflict and instability in the Gulf last.
Türkiye’s exports to Spain rose 4.1% year-on-year in the first two months of 2026, reaching $1.6 billion and marking the highest January-February performance on record.
Growing trade between the two countries comes at a time when uncertainty is rising in global commerce, partly driven by protectionist steps taken by the United States.
U.S. President Donald Trump’s country-specific tariff rates were ruled unlawful by the Supreme Court, prompting Washington to pursue alternative measures.
Trump later signed a decision under the Trade Act of 1974 introducing a 10% global tariff on imports from all countries. The U.S. president subsequently announced plans to increase the rate to 15%.
Amid these developments, Türkiye’s trade ties with nearby countries have drawn attention, with improving relations between Ankara and Madrid also reflected in stronger bilateral commerce.
According to data from the Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM), Türkiye’s exports to Spain increased to $1.604 billion in January-February, up from $1.540 billion in the same period last year.
Spain ranked as Türkiye’s fifth-largest export market during the period, accounting for about 4% of the country’s total exports.
By sector, the automotive industry led exports to Spain with $566.7 million.
It was followed by ready-to-wear and apparel at $257.3 million, chemicals and chemical products at $208.9 million, electrical and electronics at $96.1 million, and iron and non-ferrous metals at $93.5 million.
The largest increases in export value were recorded in iron and non-ferrous metals with $29.4 million, followed by automotive with $25.4 million, ready-to-wear and apparel with $14.1 million, electrical and electronics with $8.8 million, and chemicals and chemical products with $6 million.
Türkiye’s current account balance logged a net deficit of $6.8 billion (TL 299.98 billion) in January, according to the official data released by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT) on Thursday.
The current account balance excluding gold and energy indicated a net deficit of $1.23 billion, the bank added.
Goods recorded a deficit of $6.98 billion while services saw a net surplus of $2.6 billion in January.
According to annualized data, the current account deficit recorded as $32.9 billion in January, while the goods deficit was at $71.2 billion, the CBRT also said.
Commenting on the data, Türkiye’s finance chief suggested the current account deficit in 2026 may exceed the government’s projections due to rising energy prices amid geopolitical tensions.
“We assess that this increase will be manageable, thanks to our strengthening macroeconomic fundamentals,” Treasury and Finance Minister Mehmet Şimşek said in a statement on X.
The U.S. announced new probes Wednesday into what it considers unfair trade practices by dozens of countries, including the European Union and China, opening the door to penalties and potentially more levies as U.S. President Donald Trump seeks to replace duties struck down by the Supreme Court.
The Trump administration is launching separate probes centered on overproduction and importing goods made with forced labor, U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer told reporters.
The excess industrial capacity probe targets the European Union, China, Japan, India and others, and could inflame tensions with those trading partners.
Many of those targeted have struck tariff pacts with Washington, which Greer said are “independent” of the investigations.
He said Trump’s trade policy remains the same as it has been “for decades,” even if his tools may change.
“We need to protect American jobs, and we need to make sure we have fair trade with our trading partners,” he added. “If we need to impose tariffs to help solve this, we will.”
Others subject to the excess capacity probe initiated on Wednesday include Singapore, Switzerland, South Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan and Mexico.
The investigation “will focus on economies that we have evidence appear to exhibit structural excess capacity and production in various manufacturing sectors,” Greer said.
He did not specify if the eventual penalties would differ based on the country.
The second probe linked to forced labor will likely be launched “no earlier than tomorrow afternoon” and impact roughly 60 partners, he said.
“This is not about domestic conditions of particular countries,” Greer added.
“It is really about whether countries have implemented external-facing laws to prohibit the import of goods made with forced labor.”
More to come
The efforts come weeks after the high court struck down Trump’s global tariffs, saying he had exceeded his authority in tapping emergency economic powers to impose them on virtually all countries.
Trump swiftly slapped a new 10% duty on imports, to last until July 24, while officials work on more durable measures as they resurrect his trade agenda.
Greer expects other similar investigations “on a country-specific basis” to come.
He seeks to conclude the latest probes “as quickly as possible,” ideally before the temporary duties expire.
Both investigations unveiled on Wednesday are handled by the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), falling under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.
This is the same authority Trump tapped to impose tariffs on Chinese imports during his first presidency, and many of the resulting duties remain intact.
Trump’s sector-specific tariffs on goods like steel, aluminum and autos, however, remain unaffected by the Supreme Court’s ruling.
Greer said it is too early to say how any new penalties from the latest probes will overlap with the sectoral duties.
Asked how the new investigations could interact with deals that Trump has reached with partners like the EU and Japan, Greer maintained: “I think that we are able to take into account these agreements.”
While he did not go into detail on what future investigations could focus on, he noted that Washington has concerns on issues ranging from digital services taxes to pharmaceutical pricing.
The Trump administration’s latest move also comes ahead of an expected meeting between Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Beijing in April.
The Turkish central bank put its easing cycle on pause and left its key interest rate on hold at 37% on Thursday, taking a more cautious stance on monetary policy due to market fallout from the Iran war.
“As uncertainty heightened amid geopolitical developments, the global risk appetite deteriorated and energy prices increased,” the bank said, adding it acted to “contain the risks posed by these factors to the inflation outlook.”
The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT) also left unchanged its band of overnight lending and borrowing rates at 40% and 35.5%, respectively. Last week, it responded to the volatility by taking liquidity measures that lifted overnight rates to around 40%, up 300 basis points from pre-war levels.
“The underlying trend of inflation was essentially flat in February. As uncertainty heightened amid geopolitical developments, global risk appetite deteriorated and energy prices increased. To contain the risks posed by these factors to the inflation outlook, decisions supporting tight monetary policy have been enacted alongside coordinated fiscal measures,” the bank said in a statement following its widely anticipated Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting.
Most polls indicated that the bank was likely to keep rates steady in light of recent developments and escalating regional conflict.
“The effects of geopolitical developments on the inflation outlook through the cost channel and economic activity are being closely monitored,” the CBRT said.
Annual inflation rose slightly to 31.5% in February, while the monthly figure cooled to 2.96%, compared to the higher-than-expected 4.84% increase in January, official data revealed earlier this month.
Before the expanding regional conflict began shifting expectations, the central bank had been expected to continue a rate-cutting cycle that began in late 2024. A year ago, the bank temporarily reversed course and hiked rates, though it returned to rate cuts by mid-2025.
Since the U.S.-Israeli attack on Iran nearly two weeks ago, exports from major Gulf oil producers have largely halted, causing a sharp rise in energy prices and stoking inflation concerns worldwide.
The lira was flat at 44.114 against the U.S. dollar after the announcement.
The bank, meanwhile, also reiterated that a tight stance, which will be maintained until price stability is achieved, will strengthen the disinflation process through demand, exchange rate, and expectation channels.”
“The committee will determine the policy rate by taking into account realized and expected inflation and its underlying trend in a way to ensure the tightness required by the projected disinflation path in line with the interim targets,” it added. It also again emphasized that monetary policy decisions are made prudently on a meeting-by-meeting basis with a focus on the inflation outlook.
“In case of a significant and persistent deterioration in the inflation outlook, which can also be driven by the recent developments, the monetary policy stance will be tightened,” it suggested.
“In case of unanticipated developments in credit and deposit markets, the monetary transmission mechanism will be supported via additional macroprudential measures. Liquidity conditions will continue to be closely monitored, and liquidity management tools will continue to be used effectively.”
With production across Gulf countries halted and gas prices climbing, the war in Iran and the wider Middle East is disrupting fertilizer supplies and raising concerns over global food security.
A third of fertilizer shipped by sea comes from the region and cannot make it to the global market as Iran has effectively closed the Strait of Hormuz.
That has sent global fertilizer prices soaring, with the U.N. expressing concern in particular about the impact on developing countries.
Gulf as key manufacturer
Natural gas is a key feedstock to make artificial fertilizers, and with its ample gas supplies, the Gulf region has become a key manufacturer.
The region produces nearly half of the sulphur sold worldwide and a third of urea, “the most widely traded fertilizer of all,” said Sarah Marlow, global editor for fertilizers at Argus Media.
It also produces a quarter of globally traded ammonia, another feedstock for fertilizer production, she said.
Major food-producing nations like the U.S. and Australia source much of their urea and phosphate from the Gulf nations.
Brazil, the world’s leading soybean producer, imports most of its urea from Qatar and Iran, which also exports to Türkiye and Mexico.
India relies upon Saudi phosphate.
Asia, in particularly dependent on the Gulf: it imports 64% of its ammonia and more than 50% of its sulphur and phosphates from the region, according to 2024 figures from Kpler.
But since the start of the conflict, which has seen Iran launch retaliatory strikes against its Gulf neighbors following U.S. and Israeli strikes, production has had to be shut down at fertilizer production facilities, particularly in Qatar.
And the Strait of Hormuz remains largely unnavigable.
A Chinese vessel loaded with sulphur was able to leave on March 7, but around 20 other ships were still waiting as of the middle of the week, according to Kpler, which tracks commodity flows.
Global repercussions
While Europe appears at first blush to be less exposed, sourcing just 11% of its urea from the region, it will likely be impacted indirectly.
Morocco is a big supplier of phosphorus-based fertilizers to Europe, but is dependent on the Gulf for sulphur used in their manufacturing.
The EU also imports 26% of its urea from Egypt, but the country is confronted by a halt of natural gas supplies from Israel by pipeline, pointed out Argus Media consultant Arthur Portier.
“Egyptian urea has gone from $500 per ton at the start of the war to more than $650. There is a direct impact on the price of fertilizer,” for European farmers, he said.
Other countries that source their gas from the Middle East to produce fertilizers, such as India, have had to ration supplies to their factories.
Bangladesh has temporarily shut down five out of six of them.
The U.N. expressed concern this week about access to fertilizers in some of the poorest countries.
Crop production at risk
Artificial fertilizers provide nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium necessary for crop growth.
For nitrogen-based fertilizers such as urea, ammonium nitrate and potassium, “global demand never ceases to increase, driven by Asia,” said Sylvain Pellerin at INREA, a French agricultural research institute.
INREA models that without these three key fertilizer inputs, global crop production would fall by a third.
But nitrogen fertilizers require natural gas for their chemical synthesis, and a lot of energy.
As for sulfur, it is a co-product of the oil and gas industry.
“Where there is gas, you will find urea and ammonia,” said the Argus’s Marlow.
Production of phosphorus-based fertilizers starts with phosphate rock, of which Saudi Arabia supplies 20% of the world’s total, but currently it is unable to ship it.
Uncertain outlook
In addition to the uncertainty about how long the war will last, the other question is the amount of damage that fertilizer production facilities will suffer from the fighting.
Repairs and reconstruction of facilities could considerably delay a return to normality once the fighting ends.
While the immediate needs of farmers are more or less covered, there are questions about the sowing season in the southern hemisphere that begins in June.
Portier said the war could be the spark for Europe to develop a fertilizer supply strategy.
Following the surge in fertilizer prices following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, European farmers reduced their consumption and diversified their suppliers.
The European Commission is preparing a fertilizer action plan for this year.
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