Politics
Erdoğan highlights Mecca pact as Ankara takes initiatives for peace
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on Friday that a joint defense pact between Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan is not directed against Iran, Israel or any other country, describing the agreement as part of a shared effort to promote regional security and stability.
In an interview with U.S. magazine Newsweek, Erdoğan addressed Türkiye’s foreign policy priorities amid conflicts across the Middle East and the continuing Russia-Ukraine war.
“It would not be correct to regard the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement as an alliance established against Iran, Israel or any third country,” Erdoğan stressed. “This agreement is an expression of the shared responsibility we have undertaken to build a safer, more peaceful and prosperous future.”
The Mecca agreement, signed on Aug. 7 by Erdoğan, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Pakistani Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif in Mecca, establishes a collective defense framework among the three countries. Under the pact, an armed attack against any one of the three countries is considered an attack against all of them. The agreement also calls for broader defense cooperation and collective deterrence.
The Turkish president underlined that Türkiye’s broader diplomatic priority was to prevent existing conflicts from spreading and to keep channels for negotiations open.
“Conflicts directly affect the security, economy and stability of our region. At times like these, it is the shared responsibility of the international community to expand the space for diplomacy rather than narrow it,” said Erdoğan.
Territorial integrity in Syria
Turning to Syria, Erdoğan said all armed groups in the country should be integrated into the central state structure, arguing that such a process was necessary to reinforce Syria’s sovereignty, territorial integrity and social unity.
He stated that Ankara supported a process based on equal citizenship that would allow all Syrians, including Kurds, to live under what he described as safer, freer and more prosperous conditions.
The U.S.-backed YPG terrorist group announced on Aug. 25 that its so-called autonomous administration and all its military and civilian structures have been dissolved following an agreement with Damascus on military integration.
The president also addressed the PKK terrorist group’s decision to dissolve and disarm, describing it as an important step but saying implementation on the ground would be critical.
A landmark law establishing the legal framework for Türkiye’s ongoing terror-free initiative entered into force last month after being published in the Official Gazette, marking a new phase in Ankara’s efforts to end decades of PKK terrorism and strengthen social cohesion.
The law does not constitute a general amnesty and does not eliminate existing convictions, change the legal classification of crimes or broadly remove criminal liability, according to the justification accompanying the legislation.
Erdoğan said all elements of the group must disarm and its organizational structure must be dismantled, with the process verified by Turkish state institutions.
He also warned that Ankara was closely monitoring attempts by the PKK and its Iranian affiliate PJAK to take advantage of developments in Iran.
He said Iran’s domestic issues should be resolved by the Iranian people without foreign intervention, warning that the exploitation of ethnic and sectarian divisions could fuel prolonged regional instability.
Russia-Ukraine talks
On the Russia-Ukraine war, Erdoğan remarked that Türkiye remained concerned about the possibility of the conflict spreading to other countries.
He called for restraint over allegations of sabotage and hybrid activities in Europe, saying such claims should be assessed based on solid evidence and that steps that could further escalate tensions should be avoided.
Erdoğan said Türkiye’s approach to the war had remained unchanged for more than four years and pointed to previous Istanbul talks, the Black Sea grain initiative and prisoner exchanges as examples of Ankara’s ability to maintain contact with both Moscow and Kyiv.
“Türkiye is a strong NATO ally,” Erdoğan underlined, adding that Ankara could simultaneously maintain direct contact with Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Ukrainian leadership.
“There is no contradiction in this,” he said. “To mediate, you need to be able to talk to both sides of the conflict.”
Erdoğan said Black Sea security remained a priority for Ankara, particularly protecting civilian shipping, trade routes and energy infrastructure.
He called for a mechanism to provide lasting security for commercial shipping in the Black Sea and said Türkiye was continuing contacts with both sides.
“As the war continues, the humanitarian, economic and political costs are growing,” the president noted.
Türkiye is prepared to help bring the sides back to the negotiating table if the necessary political will emerges, he added.
Türkiye’s Chief of General Staff Selçuk Bayraktaroğlu will travel to Saudi Arabia on Friday to attend a meeting of military chiefs under the Mecca defense alliance, the Turkish Defense Ministry said.
“Chief of General Staff Gen. Selçuk Bayraktaroğlu will travel to Saudi Arabia today to attend the Mecca Defense Alliance Chiefs of General Staff Meeting,” the ministry said in a statement.
The meeting comes as Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan continue efforts to institutionalize cooperation under the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement, signed by the three countries in August.
Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan also discussed Thursday the process with his Saudi and Pakistani counterparts during a meeting held on the sidelines of the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York.
Fidan met Saudi Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan and Pakistani Foreign Minister Mohammad Ishaq Dar as part of the Mecca Agreement for Joint Defense Foreign Ministers Meeting.
According to a statement published by Türkiye’s Foreign Ministry, the ministers reviewed progress made toward establishing a general secretariat, committees and working groups under the agreement, as well as preparations for the commencement of their work.
The ministers condemned in the strongest terms the heinous attacks targeting the holy city of Mecca and civilian and economic facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
During the meeting, the ministers further discussed the current situation in the region, underscoring the importance of upholding the principles of international law, good neighborliness, mutual respect for the sovereignty of states and non-interference in their internal affairs, as well as ensuring the security and freedom of navigation. They reiterated their determination to work together toward achieving sustainable peace and stability in the region, support efforts towards de-escalation and encourage peaceful resolution to crises.
Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan previously rejected criticism of a newly established defense pact between Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
Speaking at a panel in New York on Türkiye-U.S. relations, he said it was too early to judge the effectiveness of the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement by its response to the long-running conflict in Yemen.
Türkiye’s top diplomat pointed to NATO, noting that Article 5, the alliance’s collective defense provision, has been formally invoked only once since NATO was established in 1949, following the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.
“This is not fair,” Fidan said in response to criticism describing the new pact as a “paper tiger.” He said NATO was not subjected to the same criticism despite its decades-long history and argued that the newly established Mecca framework should not be judged against a crisis in Yemen that has lasted about a decade.
“We have just started,” he stated.
Türkiye, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia held the first meeting of the Strategic Political and Defense Committee established under the agreement in Istanbul on Aug. 31. At that meeting, the three countries agreed to take further steps to institutionalize cooperation and establish a secretariat in Saudi Arabia headed initially by a Pakistani secretary-general for a three-year term.
They also agreed to pursue cooperation in the defense industry, joint technology development and production, as well as efforts to improve interoperability among their armed forces.
The military chiefs of Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan planned an urgent meeting under their joint defense pact to discuss ways to support Riyadh following attacks by Yemen’s Houthi group, the Saudi Foreign Ministry also announced.
The meeting comes after Saudi Arabia said its air defenses intercepted six ballistic missiles launched by the Iran-aligned Houthis toward Taif and Yanbu. The Houthis said they targeted what they described as a sensitive site in Riyadh and Saudi Aramco facilities in Yanbu with missiles and drones.
Saudi civil defense authorities also issued warnings over potential threats to Mecca, Jeddah, Taif, Yanbu and Tabuk, urging residents to follow official instructions and stay away from gathering areas. Authorities later said the threat had ended.
Saudi-led coalition spokesperson Brig. Gen. Turki al-Maliki said all six ballistic missiles launched by the Houthis were intercepted and destroyed, including missiles targeting Taif and Yanbu.
Fighting between Yemen’s government forces and the Houthis has intensified in recent months, while the group has carried out missile and drone attacks against Saudi Arabia.
The military talks come as Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan continue efforts to establish the institutional structure of their new defense framework.
Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry said Wednesday that retired Lt. Gen. Nauman Mahmood had been appointed the first secretary-general of the Mecca defense alliance.
Mahmood will head the alliance’s general secretariat in Riyadh for a three-year term.
The three countries previously agreed that the secretary-general position would rotate among members, with Pakistan holding the post first.
Turkish officials on Thursday condemned remarks by Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz targeting President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan following the Turkish leader’s address to the United Nations General Assembly.
Türkiye’s head of communications Burhanettin Duran criticized Katz’s comments, saying they would not obscure events in Gaza or the accusations facing the Israeli government over its conduct in the Palestinian enclave.
Katz earlier called Erdoğan a “paper sultan” and described his U.N. speech as “anti-Semitic and inciting.” He also made other empty accusatory remarks about the Turkish president and criticized Ankara’s regional policies.
Duran rejected Katz’s remarks in a post on Türkiye’s NSosyal platform and said the Israeli government was facing serious allegations from the international community and under international law over Gaza.
Referring to Katz’s apparent reference to a Turkish television series in his social media post, Duran said history was not always learned from television but was written in the collective memories of nations.
“Today, history is being written before our very eyes,” Duran noted, adding that Türkiye would continue to advocate for justice, peace and the rights of oppressed people under Erdoğan’s leadership.
Hayati Yazıcı, deputy chair of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party), separately criticized Katz’s remarks. Yazıcı said Katz’s comments would not change Türkiye’s position on Gaza or the arguments Erdoğan presented during his U.N. address.
He said Türkiye would continue to support Palestinian rights and argued that criticism directed at Erdoğan would not divert attention from the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
Erdoğan used his address to the 81st session of the U.N. General Assembly in New York on Tuesday to sharply criticize Israel’s genocidal military campaign in Gaza that has killed tens of thousands of people, mostly women and children, and call for greater international pressure on the Israeli government.
The president described Gaza as “the most inhumane and shameful concentration camp of our time” and slammed Israel for pursuing a “genocidal mentality with an insatiable appetite for killing.”
Saying Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas was unable to attend the gathering for a second consecutive year, he pledged that Türkiye would continue to raise the Palestinian people’s voice from the U.N. podium.
“This injustice against our Palestinian brothers and sisters deeply wounds our conscience,” Erdoğan noted. “Just as last year, this year we will be the voice of a free and sovereign Palestinian state.”
He urged countries that have not recognized a Palestinian state to reconsider their positions and described the humanitarian situation in Gaza as unacceptable.
Members of the Israeli delegation walked out of the hall during Erdoğan’s remarks as he addressed Israel’s bloody actions in Gaza.
“If necessary, we will endure hardships and pay the price, but we will not remain silent in the face of injustice. We will never consent to oppression,” the Turkish president said, adding, “They will not escape the wrath of Allah.”
Last week, 21 people, including 12 children, were killed in Gaza City after a six-story building that had been hit repeatedly by Israeli airstrikes collapsed.
According to the U.N., 84% of all structures in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed, and Gaza’s civil defense says 2,000 buildings across the territory are at risk of collapse.
Parliament Speaker Numan Kurtulmuş said Friday that Türkiye will build a future marked by unity, stronger democracy and an end to terrorism, as he outlined progress in the government’s “terror-free Türkiye” initiative.
Speaking to parliamentary reporters at a meeting marking the fourth year of the 28th parliamentary term, Kurtulmuş said lawmakers submitted 571 bills during the legislative year.
He highlighted the work of the National Solidarity, Brotherhood and Democracy Commission as one of the parliament’s most significant initiatives. The 50-member commission held 21 meetings totaling 90 hours and heard from civil society groups, academics, politicians and former parliamentary speakers from across the country.
Its report was approved Feb. 18 with the support of 47 lawmakers, which Kurtulmuş described as opening the way for the “terror-Free Türkiye” process. A subsequent bill on strengthening national solidarity and social integration was approved with 467 votes, which he called the broadest parliamentary consensus ever reached on a bill.
Kurtulmuş said the process now represents a new path toward a terror-free Türkiye and a terror-free region, adding that developments in the region showed the initiative was moving beyond an aspiration.
He cited the ongoing integration of YPG elements in Syria as an important step and said a process to disarm armed militias in Iraq would begin in early October.
Kurtulmuş said a high-level coordination and implementation board chaired by Vice President Cevdet Yılmaz had begun work, while Parliament would establish a monitoring commission after reopening.
He said Parliament’s responsibilities would include closely monitoring the process, ensuring that disarmament efforts comply with the law, coordinating with the executive board and considering any necessary legislation.
Responding to questions, Kurtulmuş said the process would continue despite attempts to provoke or disrupt it. Unlike other conflict-resolution processes that involve an outside mediator or “third eye,” he said, Türkiye’s process would have no foreign third party.
“The third eye is the nation itself,” Kurtulmuş said, referring to Parliament as the institution representing the people.
Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan called for closer coordination among Turkic states in the face of mounting global and regional challenges during talks in New York, as Türkiye seeks to strengthen the Organization of Turkic States’ (OTS) international role and visibility.
Fidan attended an informal meeting of the OTS Council of Foreign Ministers on the sidelines of the high-level week of the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly.
The meeting, hosted by Azerbaijan, brought together representatives from Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, as well as observer states the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and Turkmenistan and the OTS secretary-general.
During his address, Fidan stressed the importance of Turkic states acting with a shared vision and maintaining close coordination in responding to regional and global challenges.
He also outlined Türkiye’s vision for increasing the OTS’ effectiveness and visibility on the international stage.
The ministers discussed preparations for the 13th OTS Summit, scheduled to be hosted by Türkiye in Ankara on Oct. 29-30. They also exchanged views on global and regional issues affecting the Turkic world and considered steps to deepen the organization’s institutional cooperation with international bodies.
The gathering marked the fourth informal meeting of the OTS Council of Foreign Ministers in 2026, following meetings in Istanbul on March 7, Antalya on April 18 on the sidelines of the fifth Antalya Diplomacy Forum, and Turkistan on May 15 alongside an informal OTS summit.
In a joint statement adopted after the New York meeting, the ministers emphasized the importance of securing observer status for the OTS at the U.N. General Assembly. The statement also called for strengthening the organization’s international role and expanding its capacity to establish institutional ties with international and regional actors.
Separately, Fidan continued his diplomatic contacts in New York by meeting Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Secretary-General Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed on the sidelines of the U.N. General Assembly high-level week.
Eight district mayors in the Turkish capital resigned from the Republican People’s Party (CHP) following Ankara Mayor Mansur Yavaş’s decision to leave the party and continue his political career as an independent.
The mayors of Beypazarı, Kalecik, Güdül, Şereflikoçhisar, Ayaş, Polatlı, Nallıhan and Elmadağ announced their resignations after Yavaş said Wednesday that he was ending his CHP membership.
Several of the mayors said they would continue to work alongside Yavaş.
Beypazarı Mayor Özer Kasap underlined that he remained committed to promises made to residents since setting out on his political path with Yavaş.
Kalecik Mayor Satılmış Karakoç said his political partnership with Yavaş had been based on providing services without discrimination and treating residents equally regardless of their political affiliations.
Güdül Mayor Mehmet Doğanay and Şereflikoçhisar Mayor Mustafa Koçak also said they would continue their political paths alongside Yavaş.
Ayaş Mayor Izzet Demircioğlu announced his resignation while saying he remained committed to promises made to residents, while Polatlı Mayor Mürsel Yıldızkaya said he would continue serving as an independent alongside Yavaş.
Elmadağ Mayor Adem Barış Aşkın also said he would continue his duties as an independent.
Nallıhan Mayor Ertunç Güngör noted that he decided to resign following consultations with his team and close colleagues, citing his aim of providing better services to the district.
Meanwhile, New Party (YP) Chair Özgür Özel said he spoke with Yavaş by phone following the announcement and conveyed his good wishes. Özel said his party respected the decisions made by the municipalities.
Özel also criticized the current CHP leadership, arguing that Yavaş should not be drawn into disputes surrounding the party’s leadership.
Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) Chair Devlet Bahçeli, moreover, criticized the extent of media coverage devoted to Yavaş’s resignation, questioning whether it was overshadowing President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s address to the United Nations and his political contacts in the United States.
Yavaş, who announced his departure from the CHP on Wednesday, also rejected speculation that the move was connected to a potential presidential bid.
“This resignation decision has nothing to do with the presidential election,” Yavaş stated.
Yavaş had said when announcing his resignation that months of political and legal disputes surrounding the CHP had brought Turkish politics to a difficult point and risked deepening divisions within the party. He said he would continue his political career as an independent.
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said lasting peace in the Middle East would remain out of reach without an end to the Israeli bloodshed in Gaza, a permanent cease-fire and a dignified future for Palestinians on their own land, as he outlined Türkiye’s positions on regional conflicts, ties with the United States and a series of global challenges following the U.N. General Assembly.
Speaking to journalists at the Türkevi Center in New York, Erdoğan addressed Gaza peace efforts, Türkiye-U.S. relations and the F-35 program, tensions involving Iran and the Strait of Hormuz, the Russia-Ukraine war and Black Sea security, the Mecca Defense Agreement, the “terror-free Türkiye” initiative, relations with Iraq and Greece, U.N. reform and the COP31 climate summit Türkiye will host in Antalya.
“Without stopping the bloodshed in Gaza, making the cease-fire permanent and ensuring that Palestinians have a dignified future on their own land, lasting peace will not come to the Middle East,” Erdoğan said.
He said the political will that emerged under the Gaza peace plan was significant, arguing that nearly all parties, including Hamas, had taken positive steps and demonstrated their willingness to reach a solution.
Erdoğan slammed Israel for continuing its attacks and undermining peace efforts, saying the international community, particularly the United States, should make clear that Israel must comply with the plan.
Simply calling for the war in Gaza to stop was not enough, the president said, stressing that mechanisms were needed to prevent fighting from restarting, accelerate Gaza’s reconstruction and secure the Palestinians’ political future.
Erdoğan also highlighted the continuing humanitarian crisis, saying people had been struggling to survive among the rubble for years, amid Israel’s unlawful blockade.
“This is a matter that concerns the common conscience of humanity,” he said.
Türkiye-US ties, F-35s and defense
Erdoğan also addressed Türkiye’s effort to return to the F-35 fighter jet program, saying he had discussed the matter with U.S. President Donald Trump during a NATO meeting.
He said Trump had demonstrated a positive stance toward Türkiye’s return to the program and that Ankara now expected that position to be translated into concrete action.
“We expect this will to turn into concrete steps,” Erdoğan said, adding that contacts with Washington were continuing. “I believe we will get results.”
Erdoğan said his relationship with Trump had also given momentum to Türkiye-U.S. relations, arguing that cooperation between the NATO allies had advanced considerably compared with the previous U.S. administration.
He stressed, however, that Türkiye’s domestic defense industry remained a major priority.
Erdoğan pointed to the domestically developed KAAN fighter jet, Türkiye’s air defense systems and other defense capabilities, saying Ankara wanted to produce its own systems while simultaneously pursuing cooperation with its allies.
He also said talks with Britain over the Eurofighter Typhoon were continuing.
“Türkiye has security, defense needs and strategic objectives,” Erdoğan said, adding that Ankara would continue working toward those goals without stepping back.
Iran and Strait of Hormuz
On tensions involving Iran and the U.S., Erdoğan said developments in the Strait of Hormuz demonstrated that the crisis was no longer merely an issue between Tehran and Washington.
Türkiye opposed closing the strait to maritime traffic and considered maintaining freedom of navigation essential, he said.
The president warned that every escalation in Hormuz affected not only regional countries but also Europe, Asia, energy markets, transportation and the daily lives of millions of people.
He pointed to a sharp decline in commercial shipping traffic as evidence of the wider impact and described the strait as vital to global energy security and international trade.
Erdoğan said reopening Hormuz was important for resolving disputes through dialogue and negotiations and that Türkiye was urging all parties to return to the negotiating table.
“What needs to be opened are not new fronts, but new channels of diplomacy,” he said.
Ukraine, Black Sea security
Turning to the Russia-Ukraine war, Erdoğan said the Black Sea should not become another front in the conflict and called for the restoration of maritime security.
He said ensuring safe navigation would both protect food security and help prevent the war from spreading.
Türkiye opposed attacks on commercial vessels regardless of who carried them out, Erdoğan said, calling on the parties to act responsibly.
He also announced that Ankara was intensifying efforts to restore the Black Sea grain corridor and accelerating diplomatic contacts toward that goal.
Erdoğan said he raised the issue again with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy during their meeting in New York and received a positive response.
Mecca Defense Agreement
Describing the Mecca Defense Agreement as a strong step in the right direction, President Erdoğan said challenges facing the initiative at an early stage were not unexpected.
He said Türkiye was an experienced state that would not be drawn into provocations or traps and expressed confidence that the initiative would become stronger as its institutional structure was completed.
Erdoğan said the agreement had laid the foundations for a framework capable of producing regional solutions to regional problems.
He argued that outside powers that had attempted to prescribe security solutions for the region had often left greater instability behind.
The initiative, he said, was like a newly planted sapling that would eventually grow into a large tree.
‘Terror-free Türkiye’
On the “terror-free Türkiye” initiative, Erdoğan said the process was not a short-term issue but an effort to bring an end to a problem the country had faced for nearly half a century.
He said Parliament had established the legal framework, relevant mechanisms were being created and state institutions were carrying out the necessary monitoring on the ground.
For the framework to be implemented, the organization must effectively lay down its arms and complete its dissolution, Erdoğan said, adding that procedures for verifying those steps were clear.
“The process is progressing step by step under the control of our relevant units,” he said.
Erdoğan said there were actors seeking to obstruct the process and referred to them as stakeholders in a “terror industry,” but stressed that the government and the People’s Alliance remained determined.
“There is no problem reflected to us,” he said. “The process is moving forward and, God willing, we will reach a conclusion in the not-too-distant future.”
Iraq, Sinjar and Development Road
Erdoğan also pointed to improving ties with Iraq, saying the new period in relations had begun positively.
He said Iraqi government authority would take hold in Sinjar, where the PKK had maintained a presence for years, and that Ankara and Baghdad had discussed how control of the area would be handled after it was cleared of terrorism.
The two sides also discussed the transfer of Bashiqa, Erdoğan said.
He said Türkiye wanted its relationship with Iraq to increasingly focus on the Development Road project, expanding bilateral trade, stability, peace and prosperity rather than terrorism.
“The process is progressing positively. We have gained good momentum,” he said.
Greece and Eastern Mediterranean
Addressing ties with Greece ahead of elections there, Erdoğan said Türkiye had no interest in Greek domestic politics.
Ankara’s priorities were protecting Türkiye’s rights and security and maintaining peace in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, he said.
“Türkiye is not Greece’s enemy; it is its neighbor and its ally under the NATO umbrella,” Erdoğan said.
He warned against turning bilateral relations into an election issue, saying ties between the two countries were too sensitive and important to be used as domestic political material.
UN reform
Erdoğan also renewed his call for sweeping reform of the United Nations, criticizing a system in which the will of more than 190 countries could be constrained by the veto powers of five permanent Security Council members.
He said Türkiye’s position was not about seeking greater influence for itself but ensuring fair representation for Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Islamic world, Europe and other regions.
Erdoğan called for the UNSC veto mechanism to be abolished and for the General Assembly to become stronger and more effective.
Under a reformed system, elected members should serve for defined periods and would have to regain the confidence of the international community if they wanted another term, he said.
“The world’s problems should not be solved and decided by five members, but by all members,” Erdoğan said.
COP31 in Antalya
Erdoğan also outlined Türkiye’s priorities for COP31, which Antalya is set to host from Nov. 9-20, saying the summit would focus on concrete action against climate change and provide a stronger platform for developing countries.
He said Türkiye would present its measures and road maps and outline how it planned to address the differing effects of climate change across regions.
“COP31 is not just a climate conference,” Erdoğan said, describing it as a platform where developing countries could make their voices heard, set out their expectations and pursue concrete results.
He said developed countries had a responsibility to stand by and support nations facing difficulties in accessing climate financing.
“The fight against climate change now requires action, not words,” Erdoğan said.
Disasters did not recognize national boundaries, he added, pointing to wildfires, floods and droughts as challenges requiring cooperation across borders.
Erdoğan said he expected the Antalya COP31 summit to become an important milestone in global efforts to tackle climate change.
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